Aims
GLP‐1 analogs have recently risen to the forefront as effective medications for lowering weight through actions in the central nervous system (CNS). However, their actions in the CNS have not yet been studied in the human brain after longer‐term administration at the highest dose approved for obesity (liraglutide 3.0 mg).
Materials and Methods
A total of 20 participants with obesity were treated with placebo and liraglutide (3.0 mg) in the context of a randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, cross‐over trial after 5 weeks of dose escalation. Neurocognitive and neuroimaging (fMRI) responses to food cues were examined at the clinical research center of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.
Results
While using liraglutide, patients lost more weight (placebo‐subtracted −2.7%; P < .001), had decreased fasting glucose (P < .001) and showed improved cholesterol levels. In an uncontrolled analysis, brain activation in response to food images was not altered by liraglutide vs placebo. When controlled for BMI/weight, liraglutide increased activation of the right orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in response to food cues (P < .016, corrected for multiple comparisons).
Conclusions
In contrast to prior studies, we demonstrate for the first time that liraglutide treatment, administered over a longer period at the highest doses approved for obesity, does not alter brain activation in response to food cues. A counter‐regulatory increase in reward‐related OFC activation in response to food cues can be observed when neuroimaging data are controlled for BMI changes, indicating changes in CNS that could lead to later plateaus of weight loss. These data point to a promising focus for additional interventions which, by contributing to the CNS reward system, could provide tangible benefits in reversing the plateauing phenomenon and promoting further weight loss.
Bapatla et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY 4.0., which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
In light of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, United States Medical Licensure Examinations (USMLE) announced its momentary cancellation of its Step 2 Clinical Skills (CS) Examination. This suspension brought to attention the need to evaluate the current methods of clinical skills assessment. Objectively, this period in medical education marks a time for change and improvement. Although this may seem radical, medical education has been continuously changing over the past few decades. The utilization of long case, short case, and viva voce examinations for clinical skills assessment morphed into using the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) and Step 2 CS. While OSCEs and Step 2 CS are currently mainstay assessment methods in medical education, the new challenges that COVID-19 has imposed requires medical educators to improve these methods in order to maintain social distancing guidelines. Special consideration should be made to incorporating modalities such as video conferencing, artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and workplace based assessments. The momentary suspension of medical school activities was clearly unexpected, but it is vital that medical educators continue to improve clinical skills assessment in conjunction with the present times.
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