ABSTRACT

MZI switches are well-known devices for high speed communication applications. A lot of researchers have designed MZI switches by using lithium niobate and potassium niobate material. But the major problem of using these type of material includes high insertion losses and required high switching voltage. So, in this research paper we have designed a 2×2 electro-optic switch using optical waveguide designed with Titanium (Ti) diffused in Strontium barium niobate (SBNO3) material which can operate at wavelength of 1.3 um. Results show that the proposed structure gives better output in terms of extinction ratio (=29.9 db) as well as for insertion losses (≤0.018). Further, we have designed various optical gates i. e. XNOR, XOR and AND optical gates and their performance is also evaluated by varying electrode voltages. It is inferred from the results that the proposed model gives better results even in terms of output power which can be used for commercial purpose.

Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a infrastructure less network in which two or more devices have wireless communication which can communicate with each other and exchange information without need of any centralized administrator. Each node in the ad hoc network acts as a router, forwarding data packets for other nodes. The main issue is to compare the existing routing protocol and finding the best one. The scope of this study is to test routing performance of three different routing protocols (AODV, OLSR and DSDV) with respect to various mobility models using NS2 simulator. In this paper the parameters used for comparison are packet delivery fraction (PDF), average end to end delay (AEED), normalized routing load (NRL) and throughput. Table-Driven routing protocols (Proactive) In table driven/ proactive routing protocols[4], nodes periodically exchange routing information and attempt to keep up-to-date routing information [5]. Proactive protocols are called so because they have to maintain information about routing prior to its use. Information about routes is maintained in tables called routing tables and when topology changes these tables are updated.On Demand routing protocols (Reactive) In on demand/ reactive routing protocols [6], nodes only try to find a route to a destination when it is actually needed for communication. Proactive protocols are named so, because routing table [7] is not maintained in it. When communication between nodes is required then route is discovered in on-demand manner.Many routing protocols have been proposed, but just few comparison studies have been performed. Almost all available comparative studies have performed simulations for proactive and reactive protocols by varying number of nodes, network topology, and network density. This paper focuses on varying mobility speed from low to high by keeping other parameters like pause time, number of nodes, mobile connections, simulation duration constant. This study is performed by varying mobility speed and measuring different quantitative metrics in different mobility models i.e. RPGM and RWPM. Reference Point Group Mobility (RPGM) model shows the random motion of mobile nodes associated with a group [3]. Random Waypoint Model (RWPM) assumes that each host is initially placed at random position within the simulation area. As the simulation progresses, each host possess at its current location for a determinable period called the pause time [3].The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. After presenting the related work in section 2, section 3 presents routing in MANET. Section 4 presents mobility models. Section 5 describes simulation environment. The results of our simulation are analyzed in section 6. Finally, section 7 concludes the paper.