In order to improve the data hiding in all types of multimedia data formats such as image and audio and to make hidden message imperceptible, a novel method for steganography is introduced in this paper. It is based on Least Significant Bit (LSB) manipulation and inclusion of redundant noise as secret key in the message. This method is applied to data hiding in images. For data hiding in audio, Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) both are used. All the results displayed prove to be time-efficient and effective. Also the algorithm is tested for various numbers of bits. For those values of bits, Mean Square Error (MSE) and Peak-Signal-to-Noise-Ratio (PSNR) are calculated and plotted. Experimental results show that the stego-image is visually indistinguishable from the original cover-image when n<=4, because of better PSNR which is achieved by this technique. The final results obtained after steganography process does not reveal presence of any hidden message, thus qualifying the criteria of imperceptible message.

Increased channel capacity of optical transmission system is obtained by either increasing the bit rate of transmission or by using the technique of Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM). In long distance communication, higher launched power is required to achieve the required signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) but with increased launched optical powers, rates and the number of wavelength channels, nonlinear optical effects have been increased. DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) Systems facilitate the maximum channelization of the huge bandwidth offered by Optical Systems. The paper recognizes Cross Phase Modulation (XPM) and Four Wave Mixing (FWM) as major performance limitations for DWDM Systems. We have optimized the 160 GBPS, 16 channel optical link and have observed the optimization by variation of parameters like Dispersion, Channel Spacing and Pulse Width alongside NZDSF (Non-Zero Dispersion Shifted Fiber) and DCF (Dispersion Compensated Fiber) have been employed to further optimize the system performance. System parameters have been proposed for optimum performance yielding a Q-factor value of 34.89 dB and BER (Bit Error Rate) value of the order of 10-268 .

Background: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common inherited monogenic genetic disorder in Indian tribal and non-tribal population. This condition is caused by mutations in the hemoglobin gene and inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. Pathogenesis in SCD varies widely from patient to patient. Most of the infections affect SCD pathogenesis, so early diagnosis of the same is important.Methods: The present study was designed to evaluate the biochemical parameters to assess the hepatic and renal status in SCD subjects from west zone of Maharashtra, India. Patients with sickle cell disease (n=50) from primary health centres of Palghar were included in this study and age and sex matched healthy persons (n=50) were controls. Informed written consent was obtained from all the study subjects.Results: Our findings showed that Aspartate trasaminase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT), bilirubin and creatinine increased significantly above normal level in SCD subjects. Albumin and urea levels in SCD were found to have decreased in the SCD subjects. There is a slight increase in uric acid and creatinine levels; this indicates an adverse effect on hepatic function and moderate effect on renal function in sickle cell anemia patients. Most common events of SCD pathogenesis, can be categorized into hemolytic events and vaso-occlusive crisis-based events. Adverse effect on hepatic function can lead to further hemolytic events.Conclusions: Although specific biomarkers related to these different events needs to understand for assessment of pathogenesis, the ones we have studied can be useful to assess the status of hepatic and renal function to follow the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions.

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