The paper examines the impact of political and economic freedom on inbound tourism for over 110 countries during 1995-2012. Panel country fixed-effects techniques are utilized to examine the relationship after controlling for other factors that contribute to inbound tourism.The results show that civil liberties and economic freedom (among several other freedom measures) are positively and significantly associated with inbound tourism. Examination of the moderation effect reveals that civil liberties (economic freedom) tend to play a more influential role on inbound tourism when the level of economic freedom (civil liberties) is relatively low.

The objective of this paper is a retrospective study of all infants treated for congenital chylothorax at the Royal Children's Hospital (RCH), Melbourne, Australia and King Fahad National Guard Hospital (KFNGH), Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The charts of all infants with congenital chylothorax admitted to RCH over a period of 13 years, June 1982-August 1994, and admissions to KFNGH over a 7-year period, June 1992-August 1998 inclusive, were reviewed including management outcome and complications. There were 19 infants, 13 from RCH and 6 from KFNGH; 11 females and 8 males. Three infants were managed antenatally. Fifteen infants presented immediately after birth. Seven were born with hydrops fetalis, 6 infants had syndromes and 10 infants were born prematurely. Regular infant feeding formula and/or breast milk were used successfully in 12 infants, while in 7 infants medium chain triglycerides (MCT) rich formula was used. Sixteen infants were mechanically ventilated with 75% of them ventilated for < or = 28 days. Fifteen infants received total parenteral nutrition (TPN), and in 80% for < or = 32 days. Hydropic infants had longer duration of mechanical ventilation and hospital stay with mean (range) of 33.9 (3-120) and 115 (23-225) days, respectively, compared with 18 (1-62) and 34.3 (14-88) days for nonhydropic infants. Five infants underwent surgery with failure in four. Sepsis and bronchopulmonary dysplasia were the main complications. The survival rate was 100% regardless of the mode of therapy. The prognosis of Isolated congenital chylothorax in term, and preterm infants is good even in the presence of hydrops. Breast milk and/or regular infant feeding formula should be used initially before proceeding to MCT-rich formula, which may be necessary in some cases. Surgery should be considered if conservative management of congenital chylothorax fails after 4-5 weeks.

During the leaf movements of Albizzia julibrissin Durazzini, volume changes in the motor cells of the pulvinule (tertiary pulvinus) are closely correlated with a reversible reorganization of the vacuolar compartment. Motor cells have central vacuoles when expanded, but become multivacuolate during the time the cell volume decreases. The central vacuole reforms - apparently by fusion of small vacuoles - during motor-cell expansion. The volume changes of the vacuolar compartment account for all of the change in the size of the protoplast, while the cytoplasmic volume remains constant during the leaf movements.

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Lanthanum and ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) profoundly affect the rapid leaf movements of Mimosa pudica L. Lanthanum, which mimics calcium but does not penetrate the plasmalemma, inhibits the dosing response but does not affect reopening. A low concentration of EDTA retards the reopening process while a higher EDTA concentration prevents the dosing movement. There is evidence that the EDTA effects result from chelation of calcium ions rather than chelation of other cations. These results are discussed with regard to the role of calium in leaf movements.When the leaves of Mimosa are mechanically stimulated, the paired leaflets fold together (Fig. 1, A and B). This rapid response (seismonasty) requires less than 2 sec. After seismonastic closure the leaflets reopen within 30 min. These movements result from the bending of the pulvinules which join the leaflets to the rachilla. These bendings are caused by changes in the turgor of the motor cells of the pulvinule (1)(2)(3)20 MATERIALS AND METHODS Mimosa pudica L. plants were grown from cuttings in a University of California, Riverside greenhouse. Prior to use, plants were allowed to adjust to the laboratory environment for 48 hr. This "adaptation" period was indispensable; plants tested within the first several hr in the laboratory recovered from stimuli very slowly and the leaflet pairs did not completely reopen.Laboratory plants were illuminated with incandescent lamps for 15 hr/day and all experiments were performed within the first 5 hr of this illumination period. The effects of various test solutions were examined in two ways. In some experiments excised leaves had their petioles placed in vials containing distilled H20 (controls) or appropriate experimental solutions (Fig. 1A). In most of the experiments excised leaflet pairs were floated, adaxial surface up, on solutions in "spot plates" (Fig. 1B). For both types of experiments the samples were illuminated with incandescent lamps (6,500 lux) which were separated from the samples by heat shields. Both the whole leaves and the excised leaflet pairs could be stimulated with a dissecting probe. The angles between paired leaflets were measured before and after stimulation to the closest 10 degrees with a protractor. Each "point" in the graphs (Figs. 2-7) represents an average leaflet angle for four experiments. In each experiment, three leaves or three excised leaflet pairs received each treatment.Preliminary experiments indicated that distilled H20 and quarter-strength Hoagland solution produced identical results and distilled H20 was therefore chosen as the most appropriate control. Lanthanum chloride solutions (lanthanum nitrate yielded the same results) were adjusted to pH 6.5 with NaOH. Solutions of EDTA were adjusted to pH 7 with NaOH. All EDTA "wash-out" solutions were also adjusted to pH 7. The concentrations of the experimental solutions and the length of treatment time are given under "Results."For a description of the technique for the ultrastructural localization of lanthanum see Thomso...