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Analysts from a range of disciplines (especially sociology and social anthropology) highlight the role of the`other' in the construction and de®nition of national identity. Recently some social psychologists have come to emphasize the inherently relational nature of identity. Drawing upon these recent investigations, the present paper reports a ®eld study investigating the context-dependent nature of group identity. Using a modi®ed version of the Katz±Braly task, British subjects (n 240) stereotyped two national groups: Americans and British. They did so in two conditions. In the`one-group' conditions, subjects rated either of the two groups. In the`two-group' conditions, they rated one whilst also considering the other. Following Oakes, Haslam and Turner (1994) we predicted that whereas subjects' stereotypes of the national outgroup (the Americans) would be unaected by this manipulation, their stereotype of the national ingroup (the British) would be aected. This prediction was con®rmed. We also predicted that the national ingroup stereotype obtained in the`two-group' condition would be one which was de®ned in contrast to the American`other' which constituted the comparative context. Using a measure which takes into account the applicability of ingroup-de®ning terms to both the ingroup and the outgroup (the diagnosticity measure of stereotyping proposed by McCauley and Stitt, 1978) we show that the ingroup identity de®nition produced in this condition did indeed dierentiate the British from the Americans. The signi®cance of these data for those concerned with the application of social psychological theory to real-life social problems is discussed.

a b s t r a c tCoastal zones and shelf-seas are important for tourism, commercial fishing and aquaculture. As a result the importance of good water quality within these regions to support life is recognised worldwide and a number of international directives for monitoring them now exist. This paper describes the AlgaRisk water quality monitoring demonstration service that was developed and operated for the UK Environment Agency in response to the microbiological monitoring needs within the revised European Union Bathing Waters Directive. The AlgaRisk approach used satellite Earth observation to provide a near-real time monitoring of microbiological water quality and a series of nested operational models (atmospheric and hydrodynamic-ecosystem) provided a forecast capability. For the period of the demonstration service (2008-2013) all monitoring and forecast datasets were processed in near-real time on a daily basis and disseminated through a dedicated web portal, with extracted data automatically emailed to agency staff. Near-real time data processing was achieved using a series of supercomputers and an Open Grid approach. The novel web portal and java-based viewer enabled users to visualise and interrogate current and historical data. The system description, the algorithms employed and example results focussing on a case study of an incidence of the harmful algal bloom Karenia mikimotoi are presented. Recommendations and the potential exploitation of web services for future water quality monitoring services are discussed.

In the UK, Western Power Distribution (WPD) will be trialling a "Flexible Power Link" (FPL) as part of the Ofgem-funded Low Carbon Networks (LCN) Fund project, Network Equilibrium. The FPL is a power electronic AC-DC-AC device that allows for bidirectional transfer of real power and independent control of reactive power at each side. The trial device will be sited in WPD's network in the south west of the UK, allowing the interconnection of two separate areas of the network that could not normally be interconnected with AC only. This will allow for the balancing of power flows and management of voltages in the networks, enabling increased network utilisation and the integration of new loads and generation. This paper introduces the FPL concept and provides details of the method and results of a study used to understand the FPL's impact on the network, in particular its operational ranges of real power, reactive power, and voltage control set points.

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