Sustainable development requires decision making to incorporate multiple criteria, including environmental impacts based upon life cycle thinking. Within the oil industry, the application of life cycle approaches has tended to focus upon policy and corporate level, strategic decisions with concerns over the resource, and time demands precluding their application at the tactical/refinery level. Following a review of streamlined life cycle approaches, the authors have addressed these concerns by outlining a new approach that is tailored to suit decisions at the tactical level in oil refineries and is accessible to process engineers. Using a real problem at an oil refinery as a case study, this approach has been developed in greater depth and the application of life cycle thinking has been shown to aid the generation of alternatives and to provide the decision maker with valuable insights that can be considered alongside social and economic criteria. It is anticipated that this approach could facilitate the uptake of life cycle thinking at oil refineries, with potential applications at other large industrial facilities
Assessment of process changes to reduce, recycle or avoid wastes requires attention to systems which are broader than the immediate process; that is, it is necessary to take a life cycle perspective. Definition of the system boundary for such an assessment can be problematic in itself. A real case study is presented to illustrate the problem of assessing clean technologies: possible modifications to an alkylation unit at a UK refinery. The process uses hydrogen fluoride as alkylation catalyst, and generates fluoridic wastes which are hazardous and require treatment both onand off-site. Possible changes to avoid, reduce or enable partial recycling of the waste are identified, representing different levels of change in the process and therefore requiring assessment with different system boundaries. The different system definitions lead to differences in the ways data must be compiled for quantitative environmental life cycle assessment, and in the range of stakeholders explicitly or implicitly involved in assessing and implementing the changes. The case study demonstrates some of the less familiar challenges introduced by the "pollution prevention" or "clean technology" paradigms of chemical processing.L'évaluation des modifications apportées dans les procédés dans le but de réduire, recycler ouéviter les gaspillages nécessite qu'on prête attention aux systèmes plutôt qu'aux procédés eux-mêmes, en ce sens qu'il faut travailler dans une perspective de cycle de vie. La définition de la limite de système pour une telleévaluation peutêtre problématique en soi. Uneétude de cas réelle est présentée pour illustrer le problème de l'évaluation de techniques propres; il s'agit de modifications possiblesà une unité d'alkylation dans une usine du Royaume-Uni. Le procédé emploie du fluorure d'hydrogène comme catalyseur d'alkylation et produit des déchets fluorés qui sont dangereux et qui nécessitent un traitement sur le site et en-dehors du site. Des changements possibles pouréviter ou réduire les déchets ou permettre leur recyclage sont identifiés; ils correspondentà différents niveaux de changements dans le procédé, et par conséquent, requièrent l'évaluation de différentes limites de systèmes. Les différentes définitions de système mènentà des différences dans la manière de compiler les données pour l'évaluation des cycles de vie environnementaux quantitatifs, et dans la manière de traiter les parties prenantes explicitement ou implicitement impliquées dans l'évaluation et la mise en oeuvre de ces changements. L'étude de cas illustre certains des défis les moins familiers introduits par les concepts prévention de la pollution ou technologie propre dans le génie des procédés.Keywords: clean technology, waste minimization, process selection, life cycle management, alkylation INTRODUCTIONThe Paradigm Shift in Chemical Processing O ver roughly the last two decades, there has been a shift in both thinking and practice away from the "clean-up" or "end-of-pipe" technology approach which had replaced the "dilute-and-disperse" approac...
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