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The concentration and distribution of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were investigated in three sediment cores representing 100–150 years of accumulation in upriver, midriver, and estuarine environments in Río Espíritu Santo (RES), Puerto Rico. Grain-size distribution, organic matter and carbonate content were determined to assess their influence on metal concentrations. Minimum biotoxicity levels of Ni and Cu were exceeded in the upriver and midriver sites, while the minimum biotoxicity level of Cu was exceeded in the estuarine location. Pb concentration decreased by ~35 % in the upper portion of the midriver and estuarine cores compared to downcore concentrations as a consequence of leaded gasoline regulation. Enrichment Factors and Geoaccumulation Indices were calculated for each metal revealing high levels of Cu in all three cores, likely from an igneous source. Our results provide a baseline for metal contamination in an area facing further land use change.

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This chapter highlights a few socio-psychological factors that may contribute to fear of failure in undergraduate students, specifically those who are underrepresented minorities (URM). Sociopsychological factors such as stereotype threat, poor science identity, and mindset are defined, with a discussion as to how each may contribute to fear of failure in URM students. Recommendations are made to help mentors work through these fears and build resiliency in the face of fear.