Background The behavioural repertoire of every species evolved over time and its evolution can be traced through the phylogenetic relationships in distinct groups. Cranes (family Gruidae) represent a small, old, monophyletic group with well-corroborated phylogenetic relationships on the species level, and at the same time they exhibit a complex and well-described behavioural repertoire. Methods We therefore investigated the evolution of behavioural traits of cranes in a phylogenetic context using several phylogenetic approaches and two types of trait scoring. The cranes exhibit more than a hundred behavioural displays, almost one third of which may be phylogenetically informative. Results More than half of the analysed traits carry a significant phylogenetic signal. The ancestor of cranes already exhibited a quite complex behavioural repertoire, which remained unchanged in Balearicinae but altered greatly in Gruinae, specifically by the shedding of traits rather than their creation. Trait scoring has an influence on results within the Gruinae, primarily in genera Bugeranus and Anthropoides. Conclusions Albeit the behavioural traits alone cannot be used for resolving species-level relationships within the Gruidae, when optimized on molecular tree, they can help us to detect interesting evolutionary transformations of behaviour repertoire within Gruiformes. The Limpkin (Aramus guarauna) seems to be the most enigmatic species and should be studied in detail for its behavioural repertoire, which may include some precursors of crane behavioural traits.
Porucha aktivity a pozornosti je nejčastěji se vyskytující neurovývojovou poruchou dětského věku. Klinický obraz se s věkem dítěte mění a pro stanovaní diagnózy je klíčová přítomnost jádrových příznaků, tj. poruchy pozornosti, hyperaktivity a impulzivity. Terapie onemocnění je multidisciplinární, s využitím režimových opatření, psychoterapie a farmakologických přístupů. S přihlédnutím k etiopatogenezi onemocnění, která je komplexní, se vyvíjí nové preparáty, výživové doplňky, ve snaze o zmírnění klinických projevů, která jsou navíc volně prodejná a nespadají pouze do preskripce dětského psychiatra. K tomuto trendu dochází v důsledku zjišťování změn lipidových profilů v nervovém systému u pacientů s poruchou aktivity a pozornosti, a dále i vzhledem k prokázanému nedostatku polynenasycených mastných kyselin u těchto pacientů ve stravě, což je pravděpodobně další možnou příčinnou souvislostí rozvoje onemocnění. V této práci prezentujeme výsledky multicentrického klinického pozorování dětí se symptomy poruchy aktivity a pozornosti na léčbě Concentrixem, doplňkem stravy vyvinutým pro podporu kognitivního vývoje a koncentrace, po dobu šesti měsíců. Během tří setkání administrovaných psychologem za pomoci standardizovaných testů byla hodnocena jeho účinnost a získaná data byla následně statisticky vyhodnocena.Klíčová slova: porucha pozornosti a hyperaktivity, hyperkinetická porucha, polynenasycené mastné kyseliny, doplněk stravy. Results of a multicenter clinical observation: Concentrix® and its use in patients with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorderAttention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder of childhood. The clinical symptoms vary with the age of a child. The diagnosis is established by the presence of core symptoms, ie. attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity. The therapy of the disease is multidisciplinary, using regime adjustment, psychotherapy and pharmacological approaches. Based on ethiopathogenesis, which is complex, the use of new nutritional supplements is being tested, in an effort to reduce clinical symptoms. This trend is probably due to the detection of changes in lipid profiles in the nervous system in patients with Attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, as well as proven lack of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet of these patients. The advantage of nutritional supplements is that they are without the need of prescription by a child psychiatrist. In our work, we present the results of multicenter a multicenter clinical observation in patients with Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms on therapy with Concentrix® for six months. The Concentrix® is a new dietary supplement developed to support concentration and congnitive outcome in patients with symptoms of attention deficit and hyperacitivity disorder. Three meetings administered by a psychologist were done during six months. The effectiveness of Concentrix® was evaluated by using psychological tests and obtained data were subsequently statistically processed.
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