This article describes currently used experimental animal models of type 1 diabetes. The literature data on the pathogenesis of clinical and morphological patterns of the disease and the possibility of extrapolation have been summarized in the review. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of each of the models have been evaluated. Based on the reported results, it can be concluded that preclinical research is essential as fundamental basis for the investigation of type 1 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: The high prevalence, the lack of reliable data on the etiology, as well as the complexity of diagnosis and treatment of genital endometriosis indicate the urgency of the problem. AIM: The aim of this study was to analyze and summarize scientific publications devoted to the study of single-nucleotide polymorphisms involved in apoptosis and their association with endometriosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Based on keyword searches for gene, SNP, apoptosis, and endometriosis, a selection of papers published in open sources (PubMed and Google Scholar) in the period from 2010 to 2020 was performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: An analysis of the main and auxiliary apoptotic pathways was performed, with the protein regulators and their genes detailed in accordance with the implementation of the programmed cell death cascade in genital endometriosis. The review identified the significance of a number of proteins (TNF-, FADD, CASP3, CASP7, CASP10) in the pathogenesis of hyperproliferative diseases. However, many apoptotic regulators (BCL2, BIK, BMF, HRK, BAD, Survivin) in genital endometriosis were found to have been understudied, which makes future research in this direction promising.

In the structure of gynecological diseases, genital endometriosis takes the third place, and its frequency tends to increase. Endometriosis occurs in 510% of women of reproductive age, in 3550% of patients with infertility and in 7080% of women with chronic pelvic pain. The frequency of spontaneous abortion in endometriosis ranges from 10 to 50%. Noteworthy is the fact that the delay in diagnosing and starting treatment is 5 to 10 years. The disadvantages of surgical treatment are the high relapse rate (up to 50% after 5 years from the start of treatment). Hormonal treatments are effective, but they also have serious side effects that limit them in the long run. Naturally, the great practical and social importance of genital endometriosis induced numerous studies on the etiology and pathogenesis, which, however, have not yet been fully elucidated. The widespread prevalence of genital endometriosis necessitates the search and development of new effective methods of diagnosis and treatment. The article presents data on survivin, which is one of the members of the family of apoptosis inhibitors encoded by the BIRC5 gene. Survivin is involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis and may be one of the early markers of the disease. Apoptosis is an important last step that determines the fate of the cell. Given recent developments in the search for targeted therapy for endometriosis, antagonists of apoptosis inhibitor proteins, including survivin, are considered as a potential target. Influence on the processes of programmed cell death can be a rather promising direction in the treatment of endometriosis. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the significance of surviving expression in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of endometriosis. 43 literature sources (domestic and foreign) were analyzed using various database (PubMed, PubMed central, Google Scholar, UpToDate).