The following article is the product of research conducted at the Universidad de la Frontera with regard to the integration into the profession of graduates from the teaching programs in the Faculty of Education and Humanities. A lot of literature exists regarding the socialization of teachers, new teachers and the induction of teaching professionals, from which we selected the proposal of the Dutchman Vonk, J.H.C. who suggests four models of professional integration: "Sink or Swim", "Collegial", "Mandated Competence" and the "Formalized Protected Mentor Model". Sample information of graduate students was taken with regard to the different dimensions of professional performance. The results were ambivalent, with both solid general abilities and weaknesses in specific areas of competence. Furthermore, two structural situations were confirmed: on the one hand, the type of establishment determines the kind of integration, and on the other, the absence of an institutionalized mechanism of professional induction.
Introduction: The effect of two physical training methods on older adults should be investigated in greater depth and its results shared with the community. Objective: To determine the effects of two types of physical training on the functional features associated with the cognitive state and the effect on a physiological mediator of growth hormone (IGF-1) in older women. Material and Methods: Quasi-experimental study that included 12 weeks of training in two groups divided into resistance and aerobic training. The study included a population of 113 women aged 69.39 ± 6.48 years from Talcahuano, Chile. All participants were randomly assigned to either group. The MINIMENTAL test was used to examine the executive functions of cognitive state and blood concentration of IGF-1, which was also used to examine neurotrophic factors. For the assessment of physical condition, an indirect test was used for the maximum mass displaced in one repetition (1RM) by the limbs and the TM6 test to estimate maximal oxygen consumption. Results: Significant differences between the groups with respect to the total score obtained in the MINIMENTAL test (EG1 = 28.13 ± 2.26; EG2 = 28.57 ± 1.83 and CG = 23.47 ± 2.80; ANOVA; p = 0.000) were observed. A post hoc analysis revealed no significant differences when examining executive functions individually between groups (Bonferroni; p > 0.05). An increase in the neurotrophic factor IGF-1 was also recorded in the training groups (EG1 p = 0.014 and EG2 p = 0.005). The pre- and post-test showed large differences in magnitude in the resistance training group (ES = 0.9; 20.41% change). Conclusion: Both workouts produce an overall improvement in the functions associated with cognitive status and increase blood concentrations of IGF-1 in older adults.
RESUMEN: El desarrollo epidémico de la obesidad actualmente pone en riesgo a la población mundial, registrándose alarmantes cifras en niños, quienes, dependiendo de la edad en que la padezcan, presentan una probabilidad del 25% al 75% de ser obesos en la adultez. Este problema es especialmente importante en Chile, en donde se tiene la prevalencia más alta a nivel sudamericano. El impacto de la obesidad en la salud emocional ha sido descrito como tanto o más dañino que las comorbilidades médicas asociadas a ésta, estudiándose la asociación entre obesidad y sintomatología depresiva eminentemente desde la edad escolar en adelante. Evaluamos 250 preescolares del sistema público de educación, de la Region de los Ríos. El presente estudio abordó la relación entre obesidad y sintomatología depresiva en preescolares chilenos, sin encontrarse correlaciones estadísticamente significativas entre ambas, lo cual es discutido considerando los hallazgos de otros estudios que sugieren la presencia de variables psicosociales que deben ser estudiadas en esta población.PALABRAS CLAVE: Depresión; Estabilidad psicológica; Preescolar; Estado Nutricional. INTRODUCCIÓNLa obesidad a nivel mundial ha sido definida como la nueva epidemia global del siglo XXI (OMS, 2011). Un tema preocupante es la temprana aparición de esta enfermedad en la población, y las repercusiones que esto trae consigo. En 2010 hubo 43 millones de niños menores de cinco años de edad que tenían sobrepeso (OMS). Este dato se torna más preocupante, si se considera que los niños obesos de 6 años tienen un 25% de probabilidad de continuar siéndolo en la adultez, probabilidad que aumenta al 75% en los niños obesos de 12 años (Hodgson, 2003).En Sudamérica, se observa una tendencia similar, siendo Chile el país que lidera los índices de prevalencia (OMS), registrando un porcentaje del 21,7% para sobrepeso y 12,6% para obesidad, en los niños de entre 4 y 6 años (MINSAL, 2010a). Este fenómeno sugiere que la edad del rebote adiposo ha ocurrido tempranamente, lo que podría contribuir a un factor de riesgo de obesidad en los niños chilenos (Kain et al., 2007).La Región de los Ríos, zona donde se obtuvieron los datos del presente estudio, presenta una prevalencia del 13,7% (JUNAEB, 2011), ocupando el segundo lugar de mayor prevalencia en el país (superado por Región de Magallanes, con un 14,6%).Aparte, de las ya conocidas repercusiones en la salud que la obesidad trae consigo, impacta tanto en el desempeño social, relacionándose a estigmatización, estereotipos negativos, bromas (bullying), marginación y aislamiento; como en la salud emocional, caracterizada por la baja autoestima, imagen corporal negativa y síntomas depresivos. Respecto de esto, el estrés psicológico por la estigmatización social puede ser tanto o más dañino que las
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