The shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora.

We provide a floristic inventory of Angiosperms from rocky outcrops of the Área de Proteção Ambiental Pedra do Elefante, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Fieldwork was performed monthly from March/2015 to July/2016. A checklist with 302 species belonging to 219 genera and 74 families is provided. Bromeliaceae, Orchidaceae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Apocynaceae, Asteraceae, Cactaceae, Convolvulaceae, Rubiaceae, Bignoniaceae and Cyperaceae are the richest families with around 50% of the listed species. One hundred forty seven species are exclusively rupicolous, 125 spp. exclusively terricolous, 26 spp. are epiphytes, and six species are found as both rupicolous and terricolous. Phanerophytes and chamaephytes were predominant life forms. Our results added 18 new records to the Espírito Santo state, indicated the occurrence of nine endemic species for the state and noticed that only 55 taxa of the total of species have threat assessments according to IUCN. Key words: Atlantic rainforest, floristic inventories, inselberg, neotropics. ResumoO objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar o inventário florístico das Angiospermas dos afloramentos rochosos da Área de Proteção Ambiental Pedra do Elefante, Espírito Santo, Brasil. Expedições de coleta foram realizadas mensalmente de março/2015 a julho/2016. Um total de 302 espécies pertencentes a 219 gêneros e 74 famílias foram encontradas. Bromeliaceae, Orchidaceae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Apocynaceae, Asteraceae, Cactaceae, Convolvulaceae, Rubiaceae, Bignoniaceae e Cyperaceae são as famílias mais ricas com cerca de 50% de representatividade das espécies listadas. Os táxons exclusivamente rupícolas são representados por 147 espécies enquanto 125 spp. São exclusivamente terrícolas, 26 spp. são epífitas e seis espécies são encontradas como tanto como rupícolas quanto terrícolas. As formas de vida predominantes foram fanerófitas e as caméfitas. Nossos resultados adicionaram 18 novos registros ao estado do Espírito Santo, indicaram a ocorrência de nove espécies endêmicas para o estado e indicam que apenas 55 táxons do total de espécies encontradas possuem avaliações de quanto às categorias de ameaça de acordo com a UICN. Palavras-chave: Mata Atlântica, inventário florístico, afloramentos rochosos, neotrópicos.

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ResumoMacrófitas aquáticas são organismos visíveis a olho nu e que apresentam partes fotossinteticamente ativas, permanente a temporariamente submersas ou flutuantes. Dada a relevância ecológica e fisionômica do grupo, este estudo objetivou determinar a riqueza de macrófitas aquáticas do Parque Estadual de Itaúnas, Espírito Santo, Brasil, e suas relações florísticas com outras sete áreas na Floresta Atlântica. Foram encontradas 66 espécies, 48 gêneros e 31 famílias de macrófitas aquáticas para o PEI, dessas, duas constituem registros inéditos para o Brasil (Sesbania herbacea e Utricularia biloba), cinco para o estado (Ipomoea bahiensis, Ludwigia cf. filiformis, Ludwigia hyssopifolia, Mollugo verticillata, Paspalum repens) e 49 novas ocorrências para o PEI. A grande maioria constitui-se por angiospermas e apenas três são pertencentes ao grupo das Samambaias e Licófitas. Os resultados da análise de agrupamento revelaram dois grupos, onde um é constituído exclusivamente por áreas cujas fitofisionomias são de restinga enquanto o outro é formado por áreas de fitofisionomias distintas. Dessa maneira, os novos registros aliados a baixa similaridade da composição de espécies, tornam evidente a importância da área para a conservação de macrófitas aquáticas dentro da Floresta Atlântica. Palavras-chave: florística, neotrópicos, plantas aquáticas, similaridade. AbstractMacrophytes are organisms that have active photosynthetic parts and may be permanently or seasonally submerged, or floating. Given the ecological and physiognomic relevance of the group, this study aimed to determine the richness of aquatic plants from the Parque Estadual de Itaúnas (PEI), Espírito Santo, Brazil, and its floristic links with other areas in the Atlantic Forest. A total of 66 species, 48 genera and 31 families of aquatic macrophytes were found for PEI, of which two are unpublished records for Brazil (Sesbania herbacea and Utricularia biloba), five for the state (Ipomoea bahiensis, Ludwigia cf filiformis, Ludwigia hyssopifolia, Mollugo verticillata, Paspalum repens) and 49 new occurrences for PEI. Most of species are represented by angiosperms and only three species belong to Ferns and Licophytes. The similarity analysis results revealed two groups, one formed exclusively by areas considered as "restingas" while another is composed by areas with different plant physiognomies. Thus, new records allied to the low similarity of species composition make evident the importance of the area for the conservation of aquatic macrophytes from the Atlantic Forest. Key words: floristics, neotropics, aquatic plants, similarity. Macrófitas aquáticas do Parque Estadual de Itaúnas, Espírito Santo, Brasil IntroduçãoMacrófitas aquáticas são organismos visíveis a olho nu e que apresentam partes fotossinteticamente ativas, permanente a temporariamente submersas ou flutuantes (Cook et al. 1974). Elas apresentam uma ampla diversidade de características, tais quais ciclo de vida relativamente curto e estruturas anatômicas constituídas basicamente, por aerênquima bem d...

We present a checklist of ferns and lycophytes from Parque Estadual Mata das Flores, a state park located in Castelo, Espírito Santo, Brazil. The park has an area of 800 ha, and its main vegetation is composed of dry forest (at 150-500 m elev.), and a small portion of wet forest (500-700 m), within the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest biome. We found 83 taxa, including 75 species, 3 varieties, 4 putative hybrids, and 1 cultivar. Among these, 17 are newly recorded from the Espírito Santo. Twenty-five taxa are endemic to the Atlantic Forest biome, and 5 are endemic to southeastern Brazil, and 2 are narrow endemics to the states of Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo. Anemia blechnoides is the only vulnerable species found, according to the national red list. We found 4 naturalized species. Among the hybrids, 3 are reported for the first time in literature (Blechnum asplenioides × B. glandulosum, Campyloneurum decurrens × C. repens, and Doryopteris collina × D. lorentzii) and 1 for the first time in Brazil (B. glandulosum × B. polypodioides).