Joining similar or dissimilar materials has recently become a hot topic in industries. In this study, an adhesive technique was used to join plastic materials produced by additive manufacturing (3D printing) with metal materials. The effects of the type of material that forms the joint pairs on the joint strength were investigated. In addition, a case study was carried out on the “rubber-metal buffer” part, which is a rubber industry product. The “rubber-metal buffer” part, traditionally produced by vulcanization, was re-manufactured by changing the body material and production technique. Samples were produced from Tough PLA and TPU materials using a 3D printer at 80% and 100% fill rates. Adhesive joints were made by bonding dissimilar (Tough PLA/Galvanized steel, TPU/Galvanized steel, Tough PLA/TPU) and similar materials (Tough PLA/Tough PLA, TPU/TPU, Galvanized steel/Galvanized steel) using Loctite 9466 adhesive. The mechanical properties of the joints were determined using tensile and hardness tests, and then the damage mechanisms were examined. The highest strength value in similar material pairs (3D printed) was found in Tough PLA/Tough PLA joints (4 MPa). In dissimilar material pairs, the highest strength value was determined to be Tough PLA/Galvanized steel (4.17 MPa). As a result, it was found that TPU and Tough PLA materials produced by 3D printing can be used as an alternative to rubber.

Abrasive blasting, sometimes known as sandblasting, is a method used to change the surface condition of materials, clean surfaces, and prepare surfaces for applications such as paint, bonding, coating, etc. The abrasive materials used in abrasive blasting are applied to the surface with compressed air or water and vary according to the purpose of application. The abrasive materials used have negative effects on the environment and human health. So far, organic materials have been used in limited applications in abrasive blasting. However, these materials have a high potential of usage since they are environmentally friendly, safe for human health, and have non-toxic and sustainable properties. In this study, the usability of three different organic wastes (walnut shell, olive pomace and mussel shell) recovered by recycling in abrasive blasting was investigated. In addition, the effect of blasting distance (5, 10 and 15 mm), blasting time (10, 20 and 30 s), powder type (mussel shell, olive pomace and walnut shell) and grain size (38, 45 and 63 µm) on surface roughness have been investigated using the Taguchi L9 experimental design. Regression models were built using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance). Moreover, the surface condition after abrasive blasting was examined using an Al2O3 abrasive and compared with other samples. As a result, 5 mm, 30 s, mussel shell and 45 µm test sets were recommended for “larger is better” and it was determined that the blasting time had the greatest effect on the surface roughness by 50.19%. On the other hand, 10 mm, 20 s, walnut shell and 63 µm test sets were recommended for “smaller is better”, and it was determined that blasting time had the greatest effect on the surface roughness by 39.02%. While there was an increase compared to the surface roughness values before abrasive blasting in the first set of experiments, it was determined that the organic material had a polishing rather than an abrasion effect in the second set of experiments.

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The most important advantages of adding additives to adhesives are increasing the bonding strength and reducing the adhesive cost. The desire to reduce costs as well as the need for environmentally friendly and health-friendly products have paved the way for the recycling of waste materials and the use of cheaper natural materials as additives. In this study, mussel, olive pomace, and walnut powders in different ratios (5%, 15%, and 30% by weight) and in different sizes (38 and 45 µm) were added to an epoxy adhesive. The steel materials were joined in the form of single-lap joints by using the obtained adhesives with additives. These joints were subjected to the tensile test and the strengths of these joints were examined. SEM images of the bonding interface were taken, and the distribution of the powders was examined. When the powder size was 45 µm, bond strengths increased in all additive ratios compared to the pure adhesive, while for 38 µm powders, the strength value increased only at the 5% additive ratio. In joints with 45 µm powder additives, the strength increased by up to 38% compared to the pure adhesive, while this rate was determined as 31% for 38 µm.