This paper aims to discuss the theoretical aspects of voluntary disclosure in terms of its role in the economy, the theories that are usually used through the literature to explain voluntary disclosure, its determinants, and the common sources of voluntary information disclosure. Theories related to voluntary disclosure that are commonly used through the literature include agency theory, signalling theory, capital need theory, and legitimacy theory. Determinants of voluntary disclosure fall into motivations and constraints. Finally, different sources of voluntary information disclosure are addressed clarifying why the annual reports are the most preferred source of information. The paper provides a snapshot to different parties interested in voluntary disclosure including academics and practitioners. Academics would use this paper while designing empirical voluntary disclosure research. Practitioners could probably better understand companies' behaviours towards increased or decreased voluntary information disclosure.

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Purpose – This paper aims to discuss and compare the corporate governance codes in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Design/methodology/approach – The development of corporate governance codes in the GCC is considered using an analytical approach. Findings – Efforts and initiatives are underway in the GCC towards improving the corporate governance environment and coping with international developments. Although most GCC codes are comprehensive compared to those of other Middle East North Africa (MENA) countries, and are similar to international codes, as with almost all countries in the region, there is room for development. Updated codes that address the unique nature of these countries could enhance corporate governance. Research limitations/implications – This comparison between GCC corporate governance codes provides opportunities to empirically compare the corporate governance status in these countries through indices or checklists based on the current comparison. Practical implications – The research facilitates future evaluations of corporate governance in Gulf countries. In other words, different stakeholders, including investors and analysts, can utilise this paper during decision-making. Moreover, comparing GCC codes to others in the MENA region would help to assess the GCC’s position in the region regarding these codes, and also alert firms to corporate governance reforms occurring in the region. Originality/value – The paper analyses the corporate governance codes issued in the GCC, which represents a group of countries with similar characteristics that are thus studied separately from other MENA countries, and compares the corporate governance codes issued for non-financial listed companies.

Purpose This paper aims to document whether firms with audited financial statements pay lower bribes to get contracts than firms without audited financial statements. In other words, this study assesses whether external auditing helps combat corruption. Design/methodology/approach The World Bank Enterprise Survey data covering the period between 2006 and 2014 is used. The total sample comprised more than 50,000 firms in 126 countries. Findings This paper finds that firms with audited financial statements pay significantly lower bribes compared to firms with unaudited financial statements. The results are robust across various estimation procedures, various proxies for bribery and various sub-samples. It is also found that the relationship between audited financial statements and bribery is more pronounced in environments where firms face higher pressure to engage in corrupt practices. Practical implications The results imply that auditing of financial statements can act as a disciplining device to curb bribery in environments that encourage corruption. Originality/value This paper is the first attempt, according to the authors’ knowledge, to examine the relationship between external auditing and corruption using firm-level data that cover 126 countries and is gathered over a 14-year period. Therefore, the results derived from this study are generalizable.

This paper documents that informativeness of reported earnings, measured by earnings–return relation, is an increasing function of dividend payout ratio in the Middle East and North Africa region during the period between 2003 and 2014. We argue that higher dividends reduce agency conflicts. Lower agency problems lead firms to disclose information more truthfully, thereby improving credibility of reported earnings. We also show that our results hold for various proxies of dividend policy.