BackgroundThe early imbalances of trace elements in type 1 diabetes (T1D) may cause disturbance of glucose metabolism and more oxidative stress that may enhance the development of insulin resistance and diabetic complications. We aim to evaluate the serum level of selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), and copper (Cu), the degree of oxidative stress and evaluate their relations to glycemic control in children with T1D.MethodsA case–control study which included 100 diabetic children and 40 healthy children age, sex, and ethnicity-matched as a control group. The diabetic children were divided into poor and good controlled patients according to glycosylated hemoglobin (A1c %). Studied children underwent history taking, clinical examination and laboratory measurement of serum Se, Zn, Mg, and Cu levels, erythrocyte reduced glutathione (GSH) and peroxidase enzyme activity (GPx).ResultsSerum Se, Zn, Mg, Cu, erythrocyte GSH, and GPx were significantly lower in the diabetic group in comparison to the control group (P<0.05) and their levels were lower in poorly controlled patients compared to good controlled patients (P<0.05). The serum Se, Zn, Mg, erythrocyte GSH, and GPx showed a negative correlation with A1c %. The serum Se showed a positive correlation with erythrocyte GSH and GPx ([r=0.56, P<0.001], [r=0.78, P<0.001], respectively).ConclusionChildren with T1D, especially poorly controlled cases, had low serum Se, Zn, Mg, Cu, GSH, and GPx. Low serum Se in diabetic children may affect the erythrocyte GSH-GPx system.

BackgroundAlterations of B2 adrenergic receptor (βAR) can modulate the severity of asthma and the response to treatment. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate βAR gene polymorphism at codons 16 and 27 and their effect on asthma severity and response to treatment in asthmatic children.MethodsCase-control study was conducted on 156 children; 104 of them had bronchial asthma and 52 were healthy children (control group). Subjects of the study underwent history taking, clinical examination, pulmonary function tests, serum IgE level assessment, and identification of βAR-16 A46G and βAR-27 C79G polymorphism using PCR-Restriction Fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) test.ResultsThere was a higher frequency of Arg-Gly genotypes (odds ratio (OR)=6.57; confidence interval (CI): 2.42-18.81, P<0.001) and lower frequency of Arg-Arg (OR=4.7; CI: 2.05-10.95, P<0.001) among asthmatic children compared with that among controls at codon 16. The presence or absence of Gly16 or Glu27 either homozygous or heterozygous for both correlated with the grade of asthma severity. The presence of heterozygous Arg-Gly and Gln-Glu gives a better response to drug therapy than the presence of Gly-Gly and Glu-Glu genotypes at codons 16 and 27.ConclusionPolymorphism of βAR at codons 16 and 27 correlates with asthma severity and response to treatment in asthmatic children.

Background Childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) is a lifelong autoimmune disorder. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene is a potential candidate gene for cSLE susceptibility. In this study, we aimed to investigate the FokI polymorphism in the VDR gene in Egyptian children and adolescents with SLE, to determine whether this polymorphism could be a genetic marker for cSLE susceptibility or disease activity and we also measured the serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) D] to assess its relation to such polymorphism. Methods This was a case-control study, which included 300 patients with cSLE and 300 age, sex, and ethnicity-matched healthy controls. All participants were genotyped for the VDR gene FokI (rs2228570) polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), while the serum [25(OH) D] levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results The VDR FokI FF genotype and F allele were overrepresented among cSLE patients compared with the controls, [odds ratio (OR) = 2.7; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.6-4.4 for the FF genotype; p = 0.000; and OR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.27-2.05 for the F allele; p = 0.000, respectively]. We found a significant association between VDR FokI FF genotype with lupus nephritis (OR: 4.8; 95% CI: 2.2-10.6; p = 0.002); and high disease activity index score ( p = 0.01). Conclusions The FokI polymorphism in the VDR gene may contribute to susceptibility to SLE in Egyptian children and adolescents. Moreover, the FF genotype constituted a risk factor for the development of lupus nephritis and was associated with low serum [25(OH) D] levels as well as higher disease activity index score among studied patients with cSLE.

Objective of the studyTo evaluate the value of serum creatine phosphokinase-brain specific (CK-BB) and urinary lactate/creatinine (L/C) ratio as early indicators of brain damage in full-term newborns with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE).Patients and methodsA case–control study including 25 full-term new-born infants with perinatal asphyxia who were admitted to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) with a proven diagnosis of HIE, compared to 20 healthy age- and sex-matched full-term newborns. All newborn infants were subjected to full history taking, clinical examination, routine investigations (cord blood gases and complete blood picture), and assessment of serum CK-BB (cord blood, 6 and 24 hours after birth) and urinary L/C ratio (collected within the first 6 hours, on the 2nd and 3rd day after birth).ResultsThe serum CK-BB and urinary L/C ratio in infants with HIE were significantly higher in samples collected throughout the monitoring period when compared with the control group (all P<0.001). The cord CK-BB and urinary L/C ratio within the first 6 hours were significantly higher in infants with severe HIE than in infants with mild and moderate HIE (P<0.001). Cord CK-BB level at 12.5 U/L had 100% sensitivity and 84% specificity in the detection of severe HIE infants. Urinary L/C ratio of more than 10.5 collected within the first 6 hours after birth had 100% sensitivity and 78% specificity for the detection of severe HIE infants.ConclusionThe serum CK-BB and urinary L/C ratio in HIE infants were significantly increased early in the course of the disease, which can be used as useful indicators for predicting the development of HIE.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the role of serum apelin as a diagnostic tool in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) disease.Patients and methodsThirty-eight preterm infants (60% male) with gestational age ranging from 30 to 36 weeks admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit, KJO Hospital, Saudi Arabia with proven diagnosis of ROP were included in the study. In addition, 27 preterm infants without ROP served as controls. All newborn infants in the study were subjected to adequate history taking, full clinical examination, and fundus examination by indirect ophthalmoscope (at 4–6 weeks) as well as determination of serum apelin at birth and at 4–6 weeks of age.ResultsThe study revealed that oxygen therapy longer than 7 days’ duration, cesarean section (as a mode of delivery), sepsis, mechanical ventilation, blood transfusion, premature rupture of membranes, pneumothorax, perinatal asphyxia, cardiac problems, and neonatal jaundice were considered as risk factors related to development of ROP. Serum apelin levels were significantly lower in patients than controls (P<0.001) at time of diagnosis of the disease (4–6 weeks) while no significant differences were observed in levels at birth.ConclusionSerum apelin was found to be of significant diagnostic value in the occurrence of ROP.