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Further research on occupational voice disorders needs to be based in the workplace, and to look at the risk factors for the development of voice problems and for the efficacy of controls.

Significance Higher plants are built from three major tissue types: epidermis, ground tissue, and vascular tissue. Each of these differentiates into several functionally distinct cell types. Although identity switches for the different cell types within the major three tissues have been identified, mechanisms that trigger the initiation of the three tissues themselves have remained obscure. Auxin response, in particular the auxin-dependent transcription factor MONOPTEROS (MP), plays a critical role in Arabidopsis embryonic root initiation. In our study, we identify a set of embryonic MP target genes and show that MP acts as a very first regulator of ground tissue initiation. Moreover, our data provide a framework for the simultaneous formation of multiple cell types by the same transcriptional regulator.

BackgroundADHD is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that persists into adulthood. Its symptoms cause impairments in a number of social domains, one of which is employment. We wish to produce a consensus statement on how ADHD affects employment.MethodsThis consensus development conference statement was developed as a result of a joint international meeting held in July 2010. The consensus committee was international in scope (United Kingdom, mainland Europe, United Arab Emirates) and consisted of individuals from a broad range of backgrounds (Psychiatry, Occupational Medicine, Health Economists, Disability Advisors). The objectives of the conference were to discuss some of the occupational impairments adults with ADHD may face and how to address these problems from an inclusive perspective. Furthermore the conference looked at influencing policy and decision making at a political level to address impaired occupational functioning in adults with ADHD and fears around employing people with disabilities in general.ResultsThe consensus was that there were clear weaknesses in the current arrangements in the UK and internationally to address occupational difficulties. More so, Occupational Health was not wholly integrated and used as a means of making positive changes to the workplace, but rather as a superfluous last resort that employers tried to avoid. Furthermore the lack of cross professional collaboration on occupational functioning in adults with ADHD was a significant problem.ConclusionsFuture research needs to concentrate on further investigating occupational functioning in adults with ADHD and pilot exploratory initiatives and tools, leading to a better and more informed understanding of possible barriers to employment and potential schemes to put in place to address these problems.