Abstract:The target of monetary policy is generally set as to create an environment of manageable employment and affordable long-term interest rates. However, priorities of central banks may differ depending on economic and financial circumstances of individual countries. Modern approaches to monetary policy transmission can be grouped under two headings, Money View and Credit View. The money view concentrates on interest rates to explain the effects of monetary policy on aggregate spending by creating an interest rate channel. The credit channel transmission approach focuses on the supply of credits by banks following a monetary policy shift in interest rates. In 2010, the Central Bank of Turkey (CBT) developed an interest rate corridor shaped by one-week and overnight repo lending to the financial banks to absorb excessive volatility caused by short-term capital inflows. Under this framework, the CBT implements its monetary policy in two ways; firstly it can alter the interest rates of weekly repo as well as O/N lending rate. Secondly, it can configure the funding structure it provides to the financial intermediaries. In such a framework, the interest rate transmission mechanism has been operated by two benchmark interest rates, one of which is the weighted average of the cost of funds provided by the CBT and the other is the interest rate in Borsa Istanbul (BIST) money market transactions at an overnight maturity. There is a strong co-movement between the interest rates and they are affected by the movements in the CBT lending rate in both directions. Interest rates applied to deposits and loans by banks are affected by the policy rate (CBT Average Funding Rate) and the market rate (BIST O/N Repo Rate).

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Çevre kirliliğinin yaygınlaşması, endüstriyelleşmenin çevresel etkileri ve iklim değişikliğine ilişkin gelişmelerin derinleşmesi ile birlikte "hayatın sürdürülebilirliği"nin sağlanması hususu büyük önem kazanmıştır. Bu kapsamda, gerçekleştirilen 21. Birleşmiş Milletler (BM) İklim Değişikliği Taraflar Konferansı sonucunda, 196 ülke tarafından onaylanan Paris Anlaşması çerçevesinde küresel ısı artışı 1.5-2C olarak hedeflenmiştir. Yeşil projelerin finansmanı son beş yılda büyük ölçüde yeşil tahvil ihraçları ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu kapsamda ilk Türk yeşil tahvil ihracı da bir Türk yatırım bankası tarafından 2016 yılı Mayıs ayında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu ihraç, ihraca hedeflenen tutarın 14 katı kadar teklif gelmesi ve bunun sonucunda hedeflenen fiyatta 62.5bps düşüş sağlanması sebebi ile çok başarılı bir sermaye piyasası işlemi nitelendirilmektedir. Bu ihracın başarısı yeşil tahvil ihracının diğer Türk finansal kuruluşları için de bir yeşil kaynak olacağını ortaya koymaktadır.

In this paper, it is aimed to fill a gap in the literature by providing empirical evidence on the influence of monetary policy of Central Bank of Turkey on bank lending in Turkish financial system. In the analysis, the bank level data consisting of 20 banks and monthly market interest rates are used for the period 2001-2017. The findings of the study address three different perspectives of transmission of monetary policy rates. Firstly, the effect of the policy rate on bank lending rates is evaluated and it is confirmed that a change in the policy rate has been reflected in banks' lending rate with 3 months lag. The second group of findings report that the monetary policy affects banks' lending rate in Turkey mainly through its effects on the deposit rates with a lag of 2 months. The third perspective focuses on the balance sheet channel of monetary policy transmission. The results indicate that mainly the policy rate of central bank and liquidity level affect the supply of bank loans. Each of the variables of the adequacy of bank capital and ROA affects the bank's supply of the loans. Amongst the economic variables, the GDP growth has a positive and significant and stock exchange index has negative and significant relation with the supply of bank loans.

In this study, we investigate market efficiency considering nonlinearities by testing the weak-form market efficiency of the stock markets of Brazil, China, Russia, Turkey, and South Africa using recently proposed nonlinear panel unit root tests. The stock markets of these emerging countries are deliberately selected for their market capitalization to form a homogenous panel. The results of nonlinear models indicate that the stock market indexes are stationary and weak-form inefficient. This finding contributes to the contradictory results of the prior research using linear and nonlinear models about the efficiency of emerging stock markets in favor of nonlinear ones. Furthermore, we propose that studies using financial variables consider such nonlinearity in order to achieve more accuracy in findings related to such studies.