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BackgroundDiet is one of the leading risk factors for non-communicable diseases and is related to sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, including sex. These associations vary across populations. We aimed to investigate which factors are associated with dietary patterns among adults living in Mexico City by sex.MethodsWe used data from the Mexico City Diabetes Representative Study, a cross-sectional, multistage, stratified, and cluster-sampled survey in Mexico City (n = 1,142; 413 men and 729 women). Dietary information was collected using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Foods and beverages were categorized into 23 food groups to identify dietary patterns by cluster analysis. Sociodemographic and lifestyle variables included were self-reported through standardized questionnaires. We assessed the association of sociodemographic and lifestyle factors with dietary patterns through a multinomial logistic model stratified by sex.ResultsWe identified three dietary patterns: basic, prudent, and fast food. Among men and women, higher school attainment was associated with a lower relative probability of having a basic rather than prudent dietary pattern (women: RRR = 0.8, 95% CI: 0.8, 0.9; men: RRR = 0.8, 95% CI: 0.7, 0.9). Divorced or separated men (RRR = 3.8, 95% CI: 1.3, 11.2) and those living with a partner (RRR = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.1, 6.1) had a higher relative probability of consuming a fast food dietary pattern than the prudent one, compared to single men. Men living with a partner (RRR = 3.0, 95% CI: 1.1, 8.6) or working long shifts (RRR = 3.8, 95% CI: 1.3, 11.1) had a higher probability of consuming a basic pattern rather than a prudent one compared to peers. Among women, those with high SES had a lower probability of consuming the “basic” pattern rather than the “prudent” pattern compared to those with low SES. No lifestyle factors were associated to dietary patterns.ConclusionsMen living in Mexico City with lower education, age, non-single, and working long hours (i.e., more than the established by the law), and women with lower age, education, and socioeconomic level are prone to adhere to unhealthy diets. These associations are likely to be driven by gender roles.

In 1994, the United States, Canada, and Mexico signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) to remove trade barriers and facilitate cross-border trade in goods and services. Worldwide, trade agreements, urbanization and economic development have shaped significant changes in dietary habits. This study aims to evaluate the association between the gradual implementation of NAFTA and changes in apparent consumption of staple foods in Mexico. We analyzed national apparent consumption of animal- and vegetable-source foods, using data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) from 1970 to 2018. Association between NAFTA and apparent consumption was estimated using interrupted time series analysis (ITSA) with synthetic controls and included two inflection points based on the implementation of NAFTA: 1994, when the agreement began, and 2008 when it was fully implemented. As a result, comparing Mexico with the synthetic control, we found a significant decrease in apparent consumption of pulses, -3.22 and -1.92 kcal/capita/day in the post-1994 and post-2008 periods, respectively. The vegetable-source foods showed an increase of 5.79 kcal/capita/day after 2008. The trends of apparent consumption of animal-source foods, eggs, and milk had significant increases after 1994 and 2008. The apparent consumption of meat increased only after 2008. The implementation of NAFTA was associated with an increase in apparent consumption of food from animal-source and a decrease in consumption of pulses. After 2008, an increase in apparent consumption of vegetable-source foods was observed.

Background. Diet is one of the leading risk factors for developing non-communicable diseases and is related to sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, including sex. We aimed to investigate the associated factors of dietary patterns among adults living in Mexico City by sex. Methods. We used data from a city-wide representative survey conducted between May and June 2015 in Mexico City (n=1,142). Self-reported information about sociodemographic and lifestyle variables was collected. Dietary information was collected using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were constructed by cluster analysis. We used sex-specific multivariable multinomial logistic models to assess the association of demographic and lifestyle factors with dietary patterns using. Results. Three dietary patterns were identified: basic, prudent and fast food. Among men and women, higher school attainment was associated with a lower relative probability of having a basic rather than prudent dietary pattern (women: RRR= 0.8, 95% CI: 0.8, 0.9; men: RRR= 0.8, 95% CI:0.7, 0.9). Compared to single men, divorced or separated men (RRR=3.8, 95% CI: 1.3, 11.2) and those living with a partner (RRR=2.6, 95% CI: 1.1, 6.0) had a higher relative probability of consuming a fast food dietary pattern than the prudent one. Men living with a partner (RRR=3.0, 95% CI:1.1, 8.6) or working long shifts (RRR=3.8, 95% CI: 1.3, 11.1) had a higher probability of consuming a basic pattern rather than a prudent one compared to peers. Conclusion. Differences by sex in the associations between sociodemographic factors and dietary patterns may be due to gender roles. Public policies and programs should consider the gender perspective to accomplish positive results in both men and women.

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