Increased use of classical drug therapy, including the administration of antibiotics and anticancer drugs, has led to multidrug resistance. Overcoming this resistance requires alternative therapies. Photodynamic therapy is used extensively to combat numerous ailments by killing cells by producing reactive chemical species (RCS). Plasmonic nanomaterials are excellent candidates for bactericidal and neoplastic agents due to their specialized optical properties and capacity to generate RCS. Plasmonic nanomaterials are in great demand for drug delivery, medical diagnostic applications, electronic semiconductors, biomolecular sensing, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, enhancement of materials, and catalysis. This review focuses on plasmonic nanoparticle therapy for bacterial infections and cancers. In particular, mechanisms for RCS formation, toxicity, immunogenicity, and biodegradability of plasmonic nanomaterials are discussed. These materials may become important agents for treating bacterial infections and cancer in the near future, in combination with proper targeting agents and conjugation with biocompatible molecules.

Two-dimensional (2D) layered nanomaterials possess high surface area, unique structure, and extraordinary physicochemical, optical, and electrical properties and have attracted tremendous interests in the field of biomedical research. Several types of 2D nanomaterials, including graphene and its derivatives, black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets, graphitic carbon nitride, MXenes, and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), have been extensively utilized for phototheranostic applications. Besides their unique optical properties and high surface area, these nanomaterials can facilitate loading of different guest molecules for enabling phototherapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, various other nanoparticles or molecules can be decorated to improve the optical absorption in the near-infrared (NIR) region, biocompatibility, and achieve excellent theranostic capabilities which make them promising candidates for future biomedical/clinical applications. Herein, we review the recent progress of NIR light activatable 2D nanomaterials for theranostic applications. The current challenges and future perspectives have also been discussed.

We sought to reveal how embedding of oxidoreductase enzymes in metal-organic framework influence on the biofunctionality restoring while being encapsulated within zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8 and ZIF-90) wherein these biocomposites...

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