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The data presented contains the sequences of fungal Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) and 18S rRNA gene from a metagenome of the Mecca region, Saudi Arabia. Sequences were amplified using fungal specific primers, which amplified the amplicon aligned between the 18S and 28S rRNA genes. A total of 460 fungal species belonging to 133 genera, 58 families, 33 orders, 13 classes and 4 phyla were identified in four contrasting locations. The raw sequencing data used to perform this analysis along with FASTQ file are located in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) under accession numbers: SRR3150823, SRR3144873, SRR3150825 and SRR3150846.

Synthetic insecticide fipronil (FPN) is widely spread worldwide for controlling insects in agriculture and public health sectors. Thus, this work aimed to study the molecular mechanisms of FPN induced hepatotoxicity and the protective role of fish oil in female rats. Female rats were allocated in four groups of rats exposed to FPN and/or fish oil and control. Oxidative stress markers i.e., lipid peroxidation (LPO), antioxidant enzymes, and liver function enzymes, butyryl cholinesterase (BuChE), histopathological lesions, DNA damage, expression alteration of apoptosis and inflammatory related genes in liver tissues were assessed. FPN treatment induced significant changes in the levels of LPO, liver function, BuChE, histopathological lesions, overexpression of tested genes and elevation in DNA damage. In contrary, treatment of FPN-exposed rats with fish oil improved significantly the negative effects of FPN on liver tissues. The molecular mechanisms of FPN might be due to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and change in the oxidant/antioxidant statues. The hepatoprotective effect of fish oil might be attributed to the increase in the antioxidant capacity, which prevented the ROS generation induced by FPN in female rats.

Background Mastitis is a major cause of economic loss for dairy farmers and industry. River buffalo plays an economically significant role in Egypt. Buffaloes with mastitis have reduced milk yield and change in milk composition. Genetic variations in the Toll-like receptor4 (TLR4) gene have been related to several diseases in farm animals and humans including mastitis. The present investigation aims to find the genotypic variations in the TLR4 gene and their relation to mastitis in the river buffalo, Egyptian breed. Results DNA from 30 buffaloes' blood samples (15 healthy and 15 with mastitis) were extracted and the TLR4 gene was sequenced. Twenty-one Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were found from which four SNPs were associated with mastitis: one in 5'UTR (c.1-g27) and 3 SNPs in the coding region at c.87, c.575, and c.576. The nucleotide variations in SNPs c.1-g27(C > A) and c.87 (C > A) were only present in buffalo with mastitis, while buffaloes with genotype CC at both locations were healthy. The AA genotype at c.87 (P.29) results in a stop codon leading to an abnormally shortened protein. The nonsynonymous SNPs c.575 A > G and c.576 T > G shared amino acid 192 resulting in three amino acids (His192Arg/Gln). The dominant genotypes AA at c.575 and TT at c.576 were associated with mastitis resistance (OR < 1.00), while recessive genotype GG at c.575 was associated with mastitis susceptibility (OR > 1.00). These two SNPs may affect their role in ligand recognition since they were in the LRR4 domain (p.174–p.197) which is part of coreceptor binding region 1. Conclusions The present study confirms the relation between TLR4 genotypes and mastitis resistance or mastitis susceptibility in Egyptian dairy buffalo. The study suggested four SNPs (c1-g27C > A, c.87 C > A, c.575A > G, and c.576 T > G) have the potential to be markers for assisted buffalo selection to improve milk production.