Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common disease with oral ulceration in which cytokines are thought to play an important role. High levels of interleukin (IL)-6, a pro-inflammatory cytokine have been detected in the circulation of ulcer tissue. The purpose of the present study was to investigate if the IL-6 gene polymorphisms are associated with RAS or clinical characteristics of RAS in a cohort of Turkish population. 184 RAS patients and 150 healthy controls were included in the study. The genotypes of IL-6 gene -572G>C and -174G>C polymorphisms were determined using polymerase chain reaction based restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The genotype frequencies of -572G>C polymorphism showed statistically significant differences between RAS patients and controls (p = 0.01). Frequencies of GG + GC genotypes and G allele of -572G>C polymorphism were found higher in RAS patients (p = 0.0001, OR 10.8, 95 % CI 2.79-70.5; p = 0.0008, OR 2.06, 95 % CI 1.35-3.17, respectively). The genotype frequencies of -174G>C polymorphism also showed statistically significant differences between RAS patients and controls (p < 0.0001). Frequencies of GG genotype and G allele of -174G>C polymorphism were found higher in RAS patients (p < 0.0001, OR 4.87, 95 % CI 3.06-7.85; p < 0.0001, OR 3.82, 95 % CI 2.64-5.59, respectively). GG-GG combined genotype and G-G haplotype of -174G>C to -572G>C loci were also significantly higher in RAS patients (p < 0.0001 and p = 1.5 × 10(-8), respectively). After stratifying clinical and demographical characteristics of RAS patients according to IL-6 gene polymorphisms, an association was observed between family history of RAS and -174G>C polymorphism (p = 0.011). Susceptibility effects of both IL-6 gene -572G>C and -174G>C polymorphisms for RAS were observed. Further studies are necessary to prove the association of IL-6 gene polymorphisms with RAS.

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FAS and FAS ligand (FASLG) are important proapoptotic proteins that have a significant function in regulating cell growth and apoptosis and play essential roles in many human autoimmune diseases. Alopecia areata (AA) is hypothesized to be an organ-specific autoimmune disease mediated by T cells to the hair follicles. The concept of an autoimmune mechanism as the basis for AA led us to investigate a possible association between the FAS and FASLG polymorphism with AA susceptibility and disease progression on AA patients in Turkish population. The study group consisted of 118 unrelated patients with AA and 118 unrelated healthy controls. We genotyped FAS-670 A/G and FASLG-124 A/G polymorphisms and assessed their association with AA risk. A statistically significant difference was observed between patients and controls according to genotype frequencies of FAS gene (p = 0.0002). GG genotype of 670 A/G polymorphism was found to be protective against AA (p = 0.000, OR 0.07, 95 % CI 0.00-0.41). It can be concluded there is a reduced risk of AA risk appeared to be associated with FAS-670 A/G. No association was observed between AA patients and controls according to genotype and allele distribution of FASLG gene 124 A/G polymorphism (p = 0.1297, p = 453, respectively). In conclusion, we provide evidence that FAS/FASLG polymorphisms may have an effect on the risk of AA in the Turkish population. These findings provide an additional support to a genetic basis for AA development.

The polymorphisms in codon 72 of the tumor suppressor protein p53 (P53) gene and codon 655 of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) gene have been suggested to play roles in most cancers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between common variants of HER-2 and P53 genes with breast cancer risk. Blood samples collected from 204 women with primary breast carcinoma and 192 healthy female controls were analyzed through polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. The frequencies of Arg/Arg, Arg/Pro, and Pro/Pro genotypes for P53 codon 72 were 51.7%, 41.4%, and 6.9% in patients and 42.6%, 47.3%, and 10.1% in controls, respectively. The frequencies of Ile/Ile, Ile/Val, and Val/Val genotypes for HER2 codon 655 were 75.0%, 22.5%, and 2.5% in patients and 73.4%, 25.0%, and 1.6% in controls, respectively. The genotype and allele frequencies between patient and control groups for P53 gene polymorphism were not significantly different (p = 0.177 and p = 0.07, respectively). Similarly, the genotype and allele frequencies between patient and control groups for HER2 gene polymorphism were not significantly different (p = 0.716 and p = 0.891, respectively). With the exception of association between the P53 codon 72 polymorphism and tumor stages (p = 0.026), there was no significant association between the studied polymorphisms and clinicopathological characteristics. The P53 gene codon 72 Arg/Pro and Her2 gene Ile655Val polymorphisms were not associated with the risk of breast cancer in Turkish women. However, significant associations between the P53 codon 72 and the homozygote and heterozygote Pro genotypes with tumor stages were found.