The aim of this study was to compare the effects of continuous-moderate vs. high-intensity interval aerobic training on cardiovascular and metabolic parameters in ovariectomized high-fat-fed mice. C57BL/6 female ovariectomized were divided into four groups (n=8): low-fat-fed sedentary (SLF); high-fat-fed sedentary (SHF); high-fat-fed moderate-intensity continuous trained (MICT-HF); and high-fat-fed high-intensity interval aerobic trained (HIIT-HF). The high-fat diet lasted 10 weeks. Ovariectomy was performed in the fourth week. The exercise training was carried out in the last four weeks of protocol. Fasting glycemia, oral glucose tolerance, arterial pressure, baroreflex sensitivity, and cardiovascular autonomic modulation were evaluated. Moderate-intensity continuous training prevented the increase in arterial pressure and promoted a reduction in HR at rest, associated with an improvement in the sympathovagal balance in MICT-HF vs. SHF. The high-intensity interval training reduced blood glucose and glucose intolerance in HIIT-HF vs. SHF and MICT-HF. In addition, it improved sympathovagal balance in HIIT-HF vs. SHF. Moderate-intensity continuous training was more effective in promoting cardiovascular benefits, while high-intensity interval training was more effective in promoting metabolic benefits.

Considering the increase of cardiovascular risk with the progression of the atherogenic process and the effectiveness of physical training as a strategy to control/manage the cardiac dysfunction in populations exposed to elevated risks, the aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiovascular and autonomic effects of an aerobic exercise training protocol in an experimental model of atherosclerosis. Considering the cardioprotective effects already known about physical training the hypothesis of this study is that the aerobic exercise training will promote systemic benefits on hemodynamics and autonomic in a model of atherosclerosis. For this, sixteen ApoE‐knockout mice, 15 months old, were divided in 2 groups (n=8, each): sedentary group (APOE 15) and moderate intensity exercise training group (APOE 15T). The exercise training lasted for 6 weeks (5 days/week, 1 hour/day, intensity 60–75% of the maximum treadmill test). At the end of the protocol, the animals were submitted to echocardiography analysis and cannulation for a direct recording of the arterial blood pressure (AP), and then, baroreflex sensitivity and cardiovascular autonomic modulation were evaluated. The aerobic exercise training improved running capacity (APOE 15: 594.90±46.95; APOE 15T: 878.6±68.54 s) and cardiac diastolic function (E/A: APOE 15: 1.10±0.05; APOE 15T: 1.70±0.24), as well as decreased diastolic blood pressure (DAP: APOE 15: 107.0±5.202; APOE 15T: 95.12±0.79 mmHg) and induced resting bradycardia (HR: APOE 15: 704±21; APOE 15T: 613±20 bpm) associated with heart rate variability increase (Var‐PI: APOE 15:1.25±0.09; APOE 15T: 8.81±1.98 ms2; SD‐Pl: APOE 15: 1.09±0.06; APOE 15T: 2.77±0.37 ms). In addition, greater cardiac parasympathetic modulation (RMSSD: APOE 15: 0.99±0.06; APOE 15T: 1.41±0.10 ms) and baroreflex sensitivity improvement (Alpha Index: APOE 15: 0.31±0.044; APOE 15T: 0.66±0.10 ms/mmHg) were also observed. In conclusion, aerobic exercise training may be considered an important non‐pharmacological strategy for the management of cardiovascular risk induced by atherosclerosis, improving running capacity, diastolic function as well as the hemodynamic status and autonomic modulation.

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After menopause there is a greater tendency to visceral fat accumulation and increased arterial pressure, contributing to obesity and increased cardiovascular risk. On the other hand, exercise training promotes important benefits on cardiometabolic risk factors. In this sense, the American College of Sports Medicine suggests that the weekly frequency to practice regular physical activity should be, at least, 3 days a week. However, this recommendation applies to the general population, so the association of risk factors that is so frequently observed after menopause is not considered. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of different volumes of moderate aerobic exercise training on metabolic, hemodynamic and autonomic parameters in an experimental model of menopause fed with high‐fat diet. For this, 32 C57BL/6J ovariectomized mice fed a high‐fat diet were used, divided into 4 groups (n=8 each): sedentary (OSD); trained 3 days a week (OTD3); trained 5 days a week (OTD5); trained 7 days a week (OTD7). The administration of the high‐fat diet lasted 9 weeks, and the ovariectomy was performed at the end of the 4th week. Fasting glycemia and oral glucose tolerance were assessed before the ovariectomy and at the end of the study. Exercise training lasted 4 weeks (6th to 9th week of the protocol) at moderate intensity. At the end of the study, the animals were cannulated for direct arterial pressure recording, baroreflex sensitivity and cardiovascular autonomic modulation analysis. The results demonstrate that the greater volume of exercise training (OTD7) provided a marked reduction in body weight, adipose tissue (OSD: 0.060±0.007; OTD3: 0.051±0.005; OTD5: 0.052±0.009; OTD7: 0.029±0.003 grams) and blood glucose fasting time (OSD: 158±6; OTD3: 145±5; OTD5: 143±5; OTD7: 133±5 mg/dL). In cardiovascular parameters, both exercise training performed 5 days (OTD5) and 7 days (OTD7) a week were able to reduce systolic and mean arterial pressure (OSD: 113±2; OTD3: 111±2; OTD5: 102±3; OTD7: 103±2 mmHg), heart rate (OSD: 655±14; OTD3: 538±30; OTD5: 532±36; OTD7: 520±12 bpm), improve baroreflex sensitivity (Bradycardic response ‐ OSD: 1.5±0.2; OTD3: 2.1±0.1; OTD5: 2.5±0.3; OTD7: 2.4±0.1 bpm/mmHg), increase parasympathetic modulation (AF‐IP ‐ OSD: 16.5±1.8; OTD3: 20.8±2.2; OTD5: 39.1±7.5; OTD7: 38.8±8.4 nu), reduce sympathovagal balance (LF/HF ‐ OSD: 2,7±0.6; OTD3: 1.7±0.2; OTD5: 0.9±0.3; OTD7: 0.9±0.2) and improve the variance of systolic arterial pressure (VAR‐SAP ‐ OSD: 20±4; OTD3: 19±2; OTD5: 10±2; OTD7: 11±2 mg/dL). In conclusion, the female public, especially after menopause, lacks specific guidelines for the practice of physical activity, since the minimum recommended for the general population (3 days a week) is not effective in managing the observed cardiometabolic risk factors in the association of ovarian deprivation and obesity. Support or Funding Information This study was supported by CNPq (435123/2018‐1 ICS).

Aim: To characterize the changes in body composition, mood state and cardiac autonomic modulation in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) of athletes in the pre- and post-competitive periods. Methods: Eight male athletes were evaluated in 3 moments: 14 days and 1 day before the fight, and 2 days after the competition. Evaluations of body composition, mood state, and cardiac autonomic modulation were performed. The repeated measures Anova test, Pearson and Spearman correlation were used for data analysis (p < 0.05). Results: We observed reductions in anger (6.80 ± 1.69 vs. 4.20 ± 1.67 vs. 3.40 ± 1.07) and tension (6.60 ± 0.81 vs. 5.40 ± 0.75 vs. 2.60 ± 0.88) after competition. Vigor was reduced one day before the competition and remained the same two days after the competition (12.80 ± 1.60 vs. 10.00 ± 1.95 vs. 10.40 ± 1.03). In addition, there was an increase in sympathetic modulation (LF-PI: 2942 ± 655.3 vs. 5479 ± 2035 vs. 5334 ± 2418 abs). There was a positive correlation between the state of vigor and sympathetic modulation (r = 0.55), a negative correlation between the states of depression and sympathetic modulation (r = -0.68) and confusion and sympathetic modulation (r = -0.67). Conclusion: These findings raised concerns about the preparation of these athletes for competitions since changes in the state of vigor might reduce performance and increase cardiovascular risk.