We investigated phylogeography of Larix sukaczewii and Larix sibirica using nucleotide variation at three following nuclear gene regions: 5.8 S rDNA including two internal transcribed spacers (ITS), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), and phytochrome-O (PHYO). We also included sequences of the 4-coumarate: coenzyme A ligase (4CL) gene region obtained in our recent study. CAD and PHYO showed very low nucleotide variation, but ITS and 4CL had levels of variation similar to those reported for other conifers. Pleistocene refugia have been hypothesized to exist in the Southern Urals and South Central Siberia, where four out of nine of the investigated populations occur. We found moderate to high levels of population differentiation (F ST =0.115-0.531) in some pairwise comparisons suggesting limited gene flow and independent evolution of some refugial populations. In L. sukaczewii, low levels of differentiation were found among populations from areas glaciated during the Pleistocene, indicating their recent origin. Our results also suggest these populations were created by migrants from multiple, genetically distinct refugia. Furthermore, some haplotypes observed in populations from previously glaciated areas were not found in putative refugial populations, suggesting these populations might have contributed little to the extant populations created after the Last Glacial Maximum. Some authors regard L. sukaczewii and L. sibirica as a single species, while others consider them as separate species. The observed conspicuous differences in haplotype composition and distribution between L. sukaczewii and L. sibirica, together with high values of F ST between populations of the two species, appear to support the latter classification.

Brazil, specifically the state of São Paulo, is at the forefront in legislating on ecological restoration. Since the first resolution, published in 2001, by the Secretary of the Environment of the State of São Paulo with the objective of providing guidelines and guidelines for Heterogeneous Reforestation with native species, others were published in which the knowledge acquired was incorporated as they put it. techniques for planting and recovering degraded areas are put into practice. However, previous resolutions (from Resolution SMA 21/2001 to Resolution of SMA 08/2008) focused on techniques to be used in planting seedlings in the total area to be restored without leaving room for other methods -sometimes more appropriate and access to certain areas -a fact that has led to criticism from professionals and scientists linked to the field of ecological restoration. The current São Paulo state legislation, Resolution SMA 32/2014 and its complement, Ordinance CBRN 01/2015, replaced the term Heterogeneous Reforestation with EcologicalRestoration, expanding the objective of the forest restoration process and also changing the previous focus on the method used and emphasizing the result to be obtained; in other words, the establishment of a selfsustaining ecosystem.

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