Background: Intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) patients with acute obstructive hydrocephalus (AOH) who require external ventricular drainage (EVD) are at high risk for poor outcomes. Intraventricular fibrinolysis (IVF) with low-dose recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) can be used to improve patient outcomes. Here, we evaluated the impact of IVF on the risk of death and the functional outcomes in IVH patients with AOH. Methods: This prospective cohort study included IVH patients with hypertensive intracranial haemorrhage complicated by AOH who required EVD. We evaluated the risk of death and the functional outcomes at 1 and 3 months, with a specific focus on the impact of combined EVD with IVF by low-dose rtPA. Results: Between November 30, 2011 and December 30, 2014, 80 patients were included. Forty-five patients were treated with EVD alone (EVD group) and 35 received IVF (EVD+IVF group). The 30- and 90-day mortality rates were lower in the EVD+IVF group than in the EVD group (42.2 vs. 11.4%, p = 0.003, and 62.2 vs. 20%, p < 0.001, respectively). The Graeb scores were significantly lower in the EVD+IVF group than in the EVD group (p ≤ 0.001) during the first 3 days and on day 7 after assignment. The 30-day good functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score 0–3) was also higher in the EVD+IVF group than in the EVD group (6.7 vs. 28.6%, p = 0.008). However, the 90-day good functional outcome (mRS score 0–3) did not significantly increase in the EVD+IVF group (30.8% in the EVD group vs. 51.6% in the EVD+IVF group, p = 0.112). Conclusions: In our prospective observational study, EVD+IVF was associated with a lower risk of death in IVH patients. EVD+IVF improved the chance of having a good functional outcome at 1 month; however, this result was no longer observed at 3 months.

IntroductiondClinical and bacteriological features of cobra (Naja) bites are still relatively unknown in Vietnam. This study aimed to characterize the clinical and bacteriological characteristics of local wounds in patients with presumed Naja spp bite, as well as their antibiotic treatment.MethodsdA cross-sectional study was performed on presumed Naja bite patients who were admitted to Bach Mai Hospital in Hanoi, Vietnam. In vitro bacterial isolation, blood tests, and lesion measure were conducted, and antibiotic susceptibilities of localized bite wounds were assessed. The Mann-Whitney test was used to examine the difference in clinical characteristics between patients experiencing presumed Naja atra bites and Naja kaouthia bites. Data are presented as percentages or median with interquartile range, as appropriate. Statistical significance was accepted at P<0.05.ResultsdAmong 46 patients, all had typical clinical features of Naja bite. The median bite-to-hospital time was 6 h (interquartile range 4.0e11.3). The dominant organisms isolated from local wounds were Morganella morganii (11/36) and Enterococcus faecalis (25/36). All cultures were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. No difference was found with regard to pain, swelling circumference, swelling spread, or necrotic area between patients bitten by presumed Naja atra and Naja kaouthia (P>0.05).ConclusionsdWound necrosis and infection were important clinical issues in presumed Naja spp snake bites. Morganella morganii and Enterococcus faecalis were dominant in local wound swabs of such cases. Ciprofloxacin should be an effective first-line antibiotic for patients with presumed Naja bite.