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In this paper, we report our numerical study of transverse mode phonon polaritons generated on magnetoelectric multiferroic films. The mathematical models of the dispersion relation for both surface and guided-wave modes were derived by solving the Maxwell equations. Then, numerical calculations were performed for various thicknesses using parameters suitable for illustrating magnetoelectric multiferroic BaMnF4. It was found that around the thicknesses of 0.1 mm–1 mm, the guided-wave modes were discreet. The surface phonon polaritons were obtained at the region between ferroelectric resonant frequency ω e and intercept frequency ω i. These surface modes were reciprocal, i.e., ω( k ) = ω(− k ). These results were in good agreement with the calculated attenuated total reflection spectra. It was also found numerically that the application of a magnetic field was able to shift the frequency of the surface phonon polaritons.

Biomass briquettes have been made as an alternative energy source from cow dung waste. Molasses and starch were used as binder material with a carbonization temperature of 400 °C for 2 hours. The work aims to produce biomass briquettes with the best heating value based on analysis of composition effect and type of binder on the briquette with calorific value. The heat test results showed that briquettes with 10% sugar cane binding content produced the highest calorific value of 3907.5 calories/gram. Sugar cane drops become the better binder than starch in biomass briquettes production.

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