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The purpose of this paper was to investigate the effect of deal exclusivity on accommodation booking intention, with regard to both hedonic and utilitarian aspect of the offer. Also, the role of cultural background was examined to see whether the consumers from different cultures response to deal exclusivity differently. In an experimental survey, a total of 208 persons participated (113 persons from the Netherlands and 95 persons from Vietnam). They judged an online advertisement of a room accommodation (an exclusive offer for members only vs. an inclusive offer for everyone). The findings showed that deal exclusivity did not directly influence consumers' booking intention. An indirect effect emerged through deal evaluation. The relationship between perceived exclusivity and the intention to book the service was influenced by the utilitarian evaluation, i.e., the exclusive offer was evaluated as more useful than the inclusive offer. In addition, a more positive utilitarian evaluation implied a higher booking intention. In contrast, no indirect effect via the hedonic evaluation of the offer was evidenced. Culture did not moderate the strength of the effect. However, this study found supporting evidence for the effect of culture on consumer's booking intention. Specifically, Dutch consumers expressed much higher booking intention than Vietnamese consumers, regardless of the exclusivity of the deal. Moreover, the more indulgent the consumers were, the more likely they would book the room accommodation.

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National cultural identity is a system of traditional values, aesthetics, and lifestyle of a nation, which forms typical, progressive, and distinctive features. Cultural identity helps us to understand different cultures among ethnic groups. The national cultural identity represents the vitality, creativity, and development of the nation. The nation's culture is the foundation of society, the goal, and the driving force for economic and social development. However, it has not yet received due attention in education in Vietnam. The purpose of this study is to find out students' perceptions and evaluations of the importance of education on national cultural identity. A questionnaire survey was distributed to 247 students at An Giang University. Through descriptive statistical analysis with SPSS, the research results show that the majority of students have a rather high opinion of the need to educate the national cultural identity; The proposed content and form of education on national cultural identity has a rather high average value. However, the contents, forms, and methods of educating national cultural identity have not been clearly defined and are still limited. The findings of this study have theoretical and practical implications for Vietnamese higher education. Proposals presented to university administrators and educational policymakers were discussed. Research results are also the basis for conducting further studies on culture. Traditional culture is distilled and transmitted so that the process of integration and globalization contributes to the creation of civilization, an opportunity for each country and nation to enrich their culture.

Purpose: Visual–spatial abilities (VSAs) – the aptitude for mentally processing, retaining, and manipulating visual input – are used by physical therapists in movement analysis. Superior VSAs have been demonstrated in experts compared with novices in other fields, including surgery, anatomy, and aviation, but no literature has investigated VSAs in physical therapy. The purpose of this study was to quantify VSAs in expert and student physical therapists and investigate the differences between the two groups. Our results could assist future researchers in identifying areas for skill development and improved clinical competency in students and novice therapists. Method: Expert physical therapists and first-year PT students completed four computerized VSA tests in the Psychology Experiment Building Language programme: Four-Choice Response, Sequential Pattern Comparison, Mental Rotation, and Situation Awareness. Results: A total of 16 participants were recruited for each group. Expert physical therapists responded more accurately to the Four-Choice Response test, but not significantly so ( p = 0.06), and with a significantly slower response time than student physical therapists ( p = 0.03). No other differences were found. Conclusions: These findings suggest that expert physical therapists use selective attention more effectively and may value accuracy over speed. No differences were found in other measures of VSAs. Further studies are required to confirm and expand our findings.