The combined impact of sea level rise and reduction of the Mekong River flow in the dry season on salinity intrusion and rice cropping in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta was assessed in this study. The MIKE11 model was used to simulate flow and salinity intrusion from December to June for the medium-term (mid-2030s) and long-term (mid-2090s) scenarios using data derived from the SRES B2 climate change projection. The sea level rise values for two scenarios were 20 cm and 45 cm, while the rates of change for the Mekong River flow were 15 and 29 , respectively. The results obtained for the mid-2030s and mid-2090s scenarios show that the 2.5 g/L saline front is likely to shift upstream by 10 km and 20 km in the main river channels, and up to 20 km and 35 km in the paddy field, respectively. The simulated salinity intrusion results were then used to compute durations of available water for irrigating rice cropping. The results indicate that area where triple rice crops are possible, will be reduced by approximately 71,000 and 72,000 ha, while single crop areas will be increased by approximately 38,000 and 179,000 ha for the mid-2030s and mid-2090s scenarios, respectively. Using GIS techniques the delta was divided into three areas reflecting different rice crop vulnerability levels; areas of high and medium vulnerability measured approximately 200,000 ha and 400,000 ha, respectively.

<p>Research on the use of Flipgrid in the language classrooms has focused on its effects of online video-mediated communication tools, learners’ attitudes, and perceptions; nonetheless, not much research has recently been conducted about the influences of the Flipgrid app on EFL learners’ speaking anxiety. Therefore, this research aimed at investigating whether Flipgrid helps the EFL high school learners reduce their anxiety in learning English speaking and determine the learners’ attitudes towards its usages. The research followed a combination of a quasi-experimental method and a mixed-method with the participation of 60 EFL tenth-grade learners in a high school in the Mekong Delta. Three research instruments namely the modified Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS), the questionnaire, and the interviews were employed in this study. The findings showed that there was a decrease in EFL high school learners’ level of anxiety in learning English speaking after experiencing Flipgrid. Moreover, the majority of the learners also showed their positive attitudes towards the use of Flipgrid in learning English speaking and expected that Flipgrid should be employed frequently to make learning English speaking become more motivating.</p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0692/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Daily global solar radiation (SR) is one of essential weather inputs for crop, hydrological, and other simulation models to calculate biomass production and potential evapotranspiration. The availability of long-term observed SR data is, however, limited, especially in developing countries. This hinders climate applications in various sectors in these countries. To overcome this difficulty, we here propose a method to infer the reasonable daily SR condition for past decades from global reanalysis and limited observed SR data. The method consists of the regression-based statistical downscaling method and two empirical models for estimating the SR condition (i.e. the S-model and the DTR/RH-model). These empirical models were independent in terms of the variables explaining the SR condition. The regression models were trained on the basis of the SR conditions estimated by the S-model and the DTR/RH-model instead of the observed SR data. The Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique was applied to determine the parameter values of these models that guide the models to provide SR conditions that are close in value to each other at both the site and domain-mean scales. After that, we computed the SR condition over the 30 years from 1978 through 2007 at 17 sites in the Vietnam Mekong Delta area using the determined parameter values. The inferred SR condition was close in value to the corresponding observations available from the literature. This suggests that the proposed method yielded a reasonable inference of the SR condition at the sites despite the limited availability of observed SR data. The provided estimates of the daily SR condition over the past 30 years are useful for climate applications in agricultural, hydrological, and other sectors in this area.

A numerical hydraulic model was developed and used to investigate the spread of salinity intrusion and the propagation of flooding in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta under two proposed scenarios: "baseline" (2000s) and "future" (2090s). The baseline scenario was based on observed hydrological and salinity intrusion data from 1998 to 2006. The changes in upstream flow discharge in the future scenario (increased for most of the year) were derived from previous research results obtained using the Japan Meteorological Agency atmospheric general circulation model output for the IPCC SRES A1B scenario. The sea level rise in the A1B scenario (a projected 53-cm increase) was also included in the future scenario. The resulting salinity intrusion and flood water levels were then used to roughly estimate possible rice cropping durations. We found that large adverse changes in duration of rice cultivation in the future scenario were caused mainly by floods with greater peaks, larger areal extents, and longer durations. The area potentially suitable for growing triple rice crops decreased from 31 of the total delta area currently to 5 , whereas that potentially suitable for a single rice crop increased from 21 currently to 62 . Using GIS techniques, we divided the delta into three areas with different levels of rice vulnerability levels. Areas of high and medium vulnerability covered approximately 31 and 36 of the total delta area, respectively

Purpose: Due to the emergence of COVID -19, the transition from offline to online teaching also changes how drama techniques work. Specifically, the digital drama technique was used to teach English, when regular classes were almost impossible.   There seems to be very little, if any, research on digital drama techniques, especially in the Vietnamese context. Consequently, this study examines   how the digital drama technique   affects Vietnamese students learning English as a foreign language (EFL). Additionally, the differences and similarities between teachers’ and students’ perceptions of the technique’s impact are examined. Methodology: The study used a quantitative approach. A survey was used to collect data from 1207 students and 69 teachers. Findings: The survey revealed that the technique was helpful for   EFL students’ learning. The participants mostly perceived the positive impacts of the technique.  However, differences in perception between teacher and student were discovered.   The students considered it beneficial for improving their writing and reading skills while teachers perceived this technique as helpful in exploring new creative ideas. Practical implications: The technique was approved as useful for language teaching and learning. English teachers are encouraged to use this technique in their teaching in practice. Contribution to literature: The study becomes a good source for further research to build a more profound theoretical framework. More researchable ideas related to this unique online teaching technique are suggested to enrich the literature in this field.