Cryptosporidium and Giardia are two water- and foodborne protozoan parasites that can cause diarrheal diseases. Poor microbial quality, sanitation conditions, and hygiene practices at exposure to biogas wastewater are important risk factors for human and animal infection. This study highlights the presence and level of both parasites in the environment in relation to biogas waste reuse in Vietnam. A total of 239 samples were collected from different types of samples in the studied districts in Bac Giang province in 2020 via direct immunofluorescent detection to study the occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. (oo)cysts. Among the samples, Cryptosporidium was found in 19 (7.9%) with concentration from 1.104 to 3.105 oocysts/100 mL, while Giardia in 40 (16.7%) with concentration from 1.104 to 2.106 cysts/100 mL, respectively. In detail, the results show that the percentages of positive detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in influent, effluent, sewage canal, and vegetables were 13.1% (11/84), 6.0% (5/83), 15.4% (2/13) and 5.9% (1/17) and 26.2% (22/84), 7.2% (6/83), 7.7% (1/13) and 5.9% (1/17), respectively. The results show a trend of decreasing Cryptosporidium and Giardia densities, without statistical significance. Although these parasites decreased after biogas treatment, the remaining loads observed in biogas effluent can reach the watercourses and soil receiving it. Further investigations are needed to contribute to a general understanding of the risk of protozoan parasites, as well as strategies to control and reduce the contamination of environmental water sources and plants and reduce the burden of the pathogens in biogas wastewater in Vietnam.

Youth suicide is a leading cause of death among adolescents, but evidence about the influences of parental involvement on adolescent suicidal behaviors is inconsistent and have not been well studied. We used nationally representative data from the Vietnam Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) 2019 (n = 7796 students aged 13-18 years). Using the 2-level random intercept logistic regressions, we evaluated the relationship between parental involvement (high expectation, monitoring, and understanding) and suicidal ideation and identified related factors of suicidal ideation. The overall prevalence of suicidal ideation was 15.6%. While high level of parental monitoring and understanding were associated with lower odds of suicidal ideation among adolescents (OR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.52-0.77 and OR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.49-0.73, respectively), high parental expectation was linked to higher odds of suicidal ideation (OR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.24-1.63). Other risk factors at the individual- and school-level for suicidal ideation included being girls, living in urban areas, having mental health problems, involving in risk behaviors, suffering from bullying and violence, and poor school quality. Targeted suicide prevention initiatives should take into account comprehensive aspects of parent-child bonding, student, and school factors to mitigate the burden of suicidal behaviors among adolescents.