Summary
Pennywort pomace, a by‐product of pennywort juice production, was used as a partial substitution for durum semolina in the making of fibre‐rich pasta. The effects of ratio of pennywort pomace powder (PPP) and tyrosinase (TYR) treatment of pasta dough on the product quality were investigated. The increase in PPP level from 0 to 20% of the flour blend resulted in higher dietary fibre and phenolic contents as well as higher antioxidant activities of the product. However, such a use of PPP in pasta recipe reduced its cooking performance, textural properties and overall acceptability. For the pasta dough supplemented with 10% PPP, the increase in TYR dosage from 0 to 75 U g−1 of the flour blend significantly enhanced the tensile strength and elongation rate while reduced the cooking loss of treated pasta; further increase in TYR concentration from 75 to 100 U g−1 of the flour blend did not change the cooking and textural properties. In addition, when the TYR treatment time lasted for 20 min, the tensile strength and elongation rate of high‐fibre pasta were improved; increase in treatment time from 20 to 40 min did not cause any significant effect on its cooking quality and textural profile. At the TYR dosage of 75 U g−1 of the flour blend and incubation time of 20 min, the overall acceptability of pasta fortified with 10% of PPP was statistically similar to that of the control. TYR treatment can be considered as a novel approach to improve the quality of high‐fibre pasta.
The objective of this study is to increase CO2 conversion into methanol by applying zeolite membrane technology for reaction, using catalytic component with 16 % CeO2 -30 % CuO - 30 % ZnO/ 24 % Al2O3. Different experiments were conducted to identify the appropriate zeolite membrane to separate by-products. The following experiments determined the appropriate conditions for synthesis of methanol process from CO2 in reaction system with chosen zeolite membrane. The results of study showed that, NaA membrane could separate water out of the gas mixture after reaction the most effectively. This will limit the influence of water by-product on the catalytic activity and produce larger methanol amount in comparison to the reaction system without zeolite membrane. NaA zeolite membrane has shown its good performance since the produced methanol is 1.4 to 1.7 times higher than of non-membrane reaction system. The optimal conditions for methanol synthesis reaction from CO2 using the NaA zeolite membrane are: temperature from 220 to 240 oC, pressure is 5 bar, flow of materials input is 200 ml/min, the ratio of H2:CO2 is 3:1. Potential applications of the methanol synthesis from CO2 using zeolite membrane reactor system is absolutely suitable.
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