The long-term stability of Pt electrocatalyst during oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a great challenge hampering its use as the cathode of proton exchange membrane fuel cells for automobile applications. A number of researches have reported that the surface oxide formation by diffusion of the atomic oxygen to the sublayer is important to understand its stability. Here, we focused on the study of the effects of the O 2 -containing intermediates of ORR such as O 2 and OOH toward the diffusion of the atomic oxygen in the Pt(111) surface by using the density functional theory calculations. Using the climbing image nudged elastic band method, we found that the energy barrier for the diffusion of O in both the forward and the backward directions decreases by the presence of O 2 and OOH on the Pt(111) surface. The reduction of the energy barrier in the forward direction speeds up the diffusion of O into the subsurface and hence speeds up the surface oxide formation, while the reduction of the energy barrier in the backward direction triggers the atomic oxygen moving back to the on-surface that may destroy the Pt(111) surface and therefore affect the stability of the Pt(111) substrate. These results strongly support the previous experiments.Furthermore, the Bader charge analysis suggested that by simultaneously decreasing the charge gain of the atomic oxygen at the initial state (on the surface) and the final state (inside the subsurface) may help increase the stability of the Pt surface. Experiments such as using buffer solutions or corrosion inhibitors are suggested to confirm this prediction. Graphical AbstractKeywords Density functional theory Á Oxygen reduction reaction Á Surface oxide formation Á Oxygen diffusion Á Metal dissolution Á Metal oxidation Á Corrosion of metal surface Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (

The aim of this was to underpin technical training in football players 11-12 years old.For improving technical skills in football players, sixty three talented male Vietnamfootball players 11-12 years old have participated in this quasi-experimental study.After modifying the complex of technical tests by our research group, the technicaltraining was underpinned due to their mistakes in technical skills. The quality andquantity of techniques were improved after designed technical training in this age.

The article is written to provide accurate, scientific, and comprehensive information on the present status of contents and forms of how physical development activities are organized for kindergartners in Dong Thap province, Vietnam. According to surveys of kindergarten teachers and administrators, it is figured out that gross motor games are the most regularly employed for physical training among preschoolers. The games are frequently conducted inside schoolyards and guided by teachers in 21 to 30 minutes.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0939/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Submission of an original paper with copyright agreement and authorship responsibility.I (corresponding author) certify that I have participated sufficiently in the conception and design of this work and the analysis of the data (wherever applicable), as well as the writing of the manuscript, to take public responsibility for it. I believe the manuscript represents valid work. I have reviewed the final version of the manuscript and approve it for publication. Neither has the manuscript nor one with substantially similar content under my authorship been published nor is being considered for publication elsewhere, except as described in an attachment. Furthermore I attest that I shall produce the data upon which the manuscript is based for examination by the editors or their assignees, if requested.Thanking you.