Outbreaks of emerging coronaviruses in the past two decades and the current pandemic of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that emerged in China highlight the importance of this viral family as a zoonotic public health threat. To gain a better understanding of coronavirus presence and diversity in wildlife at wildlife-human interfaces in three southern provinces in Viet Nam 2013-2014, we used consensus Polymerase Chain Reactions to detect coronavirus sequences. In comparison to previous studies, we observed high proportions of positive samples among field rats (34.0%, 239/702) destined for human consumption and insectivorous bats in guano farms (74.8%, 234/313) adjacent to human dwellings. Most notably among field rats, the odds of coronavirus RNA detection significantly increased along the supply chain from field rats sold by traders (reference group; 20.7% positivity, 39/188) by a factor of 2.2 for field rats sold in large markets (32.0%, 116/363) and 10.0 for field rats sold and served in restaurants (55.6%, 84/151). Coronaviruses were also detected in rodents on the majority of wildlife farms sampled (60.7%, 17/28). These coronaviruses were found in the Malayan porcupines (6.0%, 20/331) and bamboo rats (6.3%, 6/96) that are raised on wildlife farms for human consumption as food. We identified six known coronaviruses in

51Outbreaks of emerging coronaviruses in the past two decades and the current pandemic 52 of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that emerged in China highlight the importance of this 53 viral family as a zoonotic public health threat. To gain a better understanding of coronavirus 54 presence and diversity in wildlife at wildlife-human interfaces in three southern provinces in Viet 55Nam 2013-2014, we used consensus Polymerase Chain Reactions to detect coronavirus 56 sequences. In comparison to previous studies, we observed high proportions of positive samples 57 among field rats (34.0%, 239/702) destined for human consumption and insectivorous bats in 58 guano farms (74.8%, 234/313) adjacent to human dwellings. Most notably among field rats, the 59 odds of coronavirus RNA detection significantly increased along the supply chain from field rats 60 sold by traders (reference group; 20.7% positivity, 39/188) by a factor of 2.2 for field rats sold in 61 large markets (32.0%, 116/363) and 10.0 for field rats sold and served in restaurants (55.6%, 62 84/151). Coronaviruses were detected in the majority of wildlife farms (60.7%, 17/28) and in the 63 Malayan porcupines (6.0%, 20/331) and bamboo rats (6.3%, 6/96) that are farmed. We identified 64 six known coronaviruses in bats and rodents, clustered in three Coronaviridae genera, including 65 the Alpha-, Beta-, and Gammacoronaviruses. Our analysis also suggested either mixing of 66 animal excreta in the environment or interspecies transmission of coronaviruses, as both bat and 67 avian coronaviruses were detected in rodent feces in the trade. The mixing of multiple 68 coronaviruses, and their apparent amplification along the wildlife supply chain into restaurants, 69 suggests maximal risk for end consumers and likely underpins the mechanisms of zoonotic 70 spillover to people. 71 72

African Swine Fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and fatal viral disease affecting both domestic and wild suids. The virus was introduced to Southeast Asia in early 2019 and has since spread rapidly throughout the region. Although significant efforts have been made to track and diagnose the disease in domestic pigs, very little is known about ASF in free‐ranging wild boar and their potential role in maintaining the disease within Southeast Asia. Through a collaboration between government and non‐government actors in Laos, Viet Nam, and Cambodia, investigations were conducted to (a) characterize the interface between domestic pigs and wild boar, (b) document risk factors for likely ASF spillover into wild boar populations by way of this interface, and (c) determine whether ASF in wild boar could be detected in each country. An extensive overlap between wild boar habitat and domestic pig ranging areas was found around villages bordering forests in all three countries, creating a high‐risk interface for viral spillover between domestic pig and wild boar populations. Fifteen and three wild boar carcasses were detected through passive reporting in Laos and Viet Nam, respectively, in 2019 and early 2020. Four of five carcasses screened in Laos and two of three in Viet Nam were confirmed positive for African swine fever virus using real‐time PCR. There were no confirmed reports of wild boar carcasses in Cambodia. This is the first confirmation of ASF in wild boar in Southeast Asia, the result of a probable viral spillover from domestic pigs, which highlights the importance of early reporting and monitoring of ASF in wild boar to enable the implementation of appropriate biosecurity measures.

Background Patient experience with primary health care services can vary markedly between different types of health care facilities, even within the same country setting. Given known benefits of high quality primary health care, the performance of these facilities may significantly impact population health. The aim of this study was to compare the quality of primary care in different types of health facilities as experienced by Vietnamese consumers. Methods 1662 people who utilized primary health care services at least once over the past two years in various types of facilities in central Vietnam were surveyed in a cross-sectional study using the Vietnamese version of the Primary Care Assessment Tool (VN PCAT-AE) to assess overall primary care quality as well as several different domains of high quality primary care services. Results Commune health centers were associated with the highest overall primary care quality (PCAT expanded score 21.07, p < 0.001) as well as high scores in nearly all individual domains of primary care quality experienced by consumers compared with other types of facilities. Conversely, private facilities such as private clinics and pharmacies were rated lowest overall (PCAT expanded score 18.45, p < 0.05 and 16.90, p < 0.001 respectively). District hospitals and other government hospitals (PCAT expanded score 20.10 and 19.72 respectively) were reported as the best quality in comprehensiveness of available services (p < 0.001). Polyclinics performed quite well in comprehensiveness of services available (3.11) and first contact-access (2.79) but less so in other domains, especially in cultural competency (1.87). Conclusions The high quality of primary care services experienced by consumers in commune health centers compared with other facilities gives Vietnam ample reason to promote greater use of these community-based primary care facilities. Populations may benefit most from building and strengthening grassroots networks of such community-based health centers as an effective solution for overcrowding at hospitals while simultaneously providing better overall health outcomes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12913-019-4089-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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