Summary Bixin from annatto seed was extracted by submerging the seeds in acetone and by combined extractions using sodium hydroxide and soybean oil in the dark to improve extraction yield and reduce content of volatile compounds in annatto extracts. The exclusion of light from acetone extraction did not significantly improve bixin extraction yield (68.5%) compared to the process carried out under daylight (67.3%), but it remarkably reduced contents of toluene and m‐xylene in annatto extracts. Combined extraction using sodium hydroxide solution at 50 °C for 40 min and soybean oil at 100 °C for 20 min resulted in very low level of volatile compounds. Significantly higher extraction yield (53.7%) could be achieved by such a process as compared to a single extraction sodium hydroxide (31.8%) or soybean oil (42.9%) alone. In conclusion, the exclusion of light from acetone extraction and combined extraction significantly reduced concentration of undesirable volatile compounds. The combined extraction significantly improved bixin yield compared to the original extraction methods.
Mục đích của nghiên cứu này là dự báo mất rừng tự nhiên, xác định và đánh giá các nhân tố có liên quan đến các nguyên nhân trực tiếp dẫn đến mất rừng ở huyện Nam Đông, tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế. Ảnh hưởng của 8 nhân tố mất rừng đã được chọn, bao gồm độ cao, độ dốc, chất lượng rừng, phân mảnh rừng, khoảng cách đến đường giao thông gần nhất, khoảng cách đến khu định cư gần nhất, khoảng cách đến sông suối gần nhất và chủ rừng. Ba cảnh ảnh Landsat năm 2005, 2015 và 2020 được sử dụng để đánh giá thay đổi và mất rừng tự nhiên. Khu vực mất rừng được chồng lên các nhân tố mất rừng để xác định mối quan hệ giữa mất rừng và các nhân tố lựa chọn. Mô hình chỉ số thống kê dựa trên cơ sở GIS cũng được áp dụng để ước tính các mức độ nguy cơ mất rừng dựa trên cơ sở phân tích thứ bậc (AHP) và phương pháp phân tích chỉ số thống kê của tám nhân tố dự báo mất rừng. Kết quả thẩm định cho thấy giá trị AUC đạt 0,821; chứng tỏ mô hình chỉ số thống kê đảm bảo độ tin cậy và có khả năng dự báo tốt địa điểm mất rừng trong tương lai. Những khu vực rừng tự nhiên có chất lượng kém và bị phân mảnh gần đường giao thông, sông suối, khu dân cư, độ dốc thoải ở độ cao thấp do Ủy ban nhân dân các xã quản lý có nguy cơ mất rừng cao. Trong tổng số diện tích rừng tự nhiên hiện có, khoảng 5,8% mất rừng được đánh giá ở mức độ cao ở các xã Hương Lộc, Hương Phú, Thượng Lộ, Thượng Nhật và Thượng Quảng, cần có biện pháp can thiệp phù hợp. Ngoài ra, các kết quả đầu ra về dữ liệu không gian là rất hữu ích cho việc xây dựng kế hoạch quản lý rừng tự nhiên bền vững ở khu vực nghiên cứu.
ABSTRACT Bim boi hoa vang (Merremia boisiana) becomes more abundant in A Luoi district, Thua Thien Hue province. This study identified the distribution of the species impacts on the habitats, and the dispersal paths. Through transect and standard plot surveys, we identified 12 species, of which 5 invasive alien species and 7 highly invasive plant species. Among these 12 species, Bim boi hoa vang has the highest impact on the habitat. They appears in most of the habitats, except for the pristine and rich forests. Distributing in clusters, they are mainly mature trees with an average root diameter of 4 - 5cm, main body length of about 20 - 30 m. They are creating a double repercussion that benefits themselves and harmful to the other species within the habitat. They significantly reduced the number of prospective trees. They can also create other adverse conditions such as doubling the fallen branches and leaves; increasing 3 times the difference in light amplitude; increasing the ratio of secondary organisms and decomposing up to 3 - 4 times higher than in uncovered places. This species can be dispersed by wind, water, animals, human activity and self-dispersing, most feasible by the wind.
The study aimed to compare the ability of extracting resistant starch (RS) from three common fruit seeds in Vietnam, namely avocado, jackfruit and mango seed. Avocado (Persea Americana) seeds, jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) seeds and mango (Mangifera indica L.) seeds were collected from local markets in Ho Chi Minh City, processed and extracted of starch. Three starch granules were then analyzed for RS content according to AOAC Standard 2002.02. Simultaneously, the effects of temperature (100, 120 o C), time (10, 15, 20 minutes) and heating methods (drying, steaming) on RS content in three starch granules were also investigated to evaluate heat-stability of these RS. The content of RS (% dry matter) in avocado seeds, jackfruit seeds and mango seeds was 23.59 %, 27.06 % and 32.12 %, respectively. Heat-stability of avocado seed RS was the least, mean while heat-stability of mango seed RS and jackfruit seed RS were higher and similar. The RS content slightly decreases after 10 and 15 minutes of heating, but significantly decreases after 20 minutes of heating. Drying reduces the RS content of the materials more than steaming. The results suggest that jackfruit seed seems to be better than avocado and mango seeds in the content and heat-stability of RS. Further studies should be conducted to choose a potential seed type for building an RS extracting processing in industrial production.
The extract of Coffea robusta was evaluated via the antioxidant and anti-aging efficacies on human dermal fibroblast. Coffea robusta green beans harvested in Buon Ma Thuot -Vietnam were roasted and extracted by hot water. The anti-oxidant activity of the extract was measured by the DHHP assay. Additionally, the extract was dosed to fibroblast and proteome analysis using 2-D was conducted to observe the changes of proteins involving in aging process. The results show that the extract is a strong anti-oxidant factor with low IC 50 value for DPPH scavenging (33.2 mg/L), and significant up-regulation of 5 natural antioxidant enzymes (GPX2, GCLM, PRDX4, GSTA1 and NQO1), as well as down-regulation of 2 supporting-free-radicals proteins (NF-kB1 and TNF-alpha) of human fibroblast. Furthermore, the extract is a potential anti-aging factor with the down-regulation of 4 proteins related to the degradation of elastin and dermal extracellular matrix (CELA2B, CELA3A, CELA3B and MMP3).
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