Corresponding Author: Linda M. Kaljee, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Wayne State University, Pediatric Prevention Research Center, Hutzel Building, Suite W534, 4707 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI, 48201, Phone: 301 873-1203, Fax: 313 745-4993, lkaljee@med.wayne.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Methods-185 randomly selected parent-youth dyads in four communes in Ha Noi and Khanh Hoa Province. Descriptive and comparative analysis included chi-square tests, independent samples t-tests, and ANOVA. Linear regression analysis was utilized to assess relationships between parental knowledge, level of comfort, frequency of talk, and discordancy. NIH Public AccessResults-Seventy-six percent of parents and 44% of youth were female. Youth mean age was 17.2 years. For parental "reproductive health knowledge" mean score was 24.74 (SD 3.84: range 15-34). Lower parental reproductive health knowledge was positively associated with lower levels of education [F=2.983, df 184: p=0.014]. Data indicate a linear model in which knowledge is related to "comfort" (β =0.17; p=0.048) and "comfort" to frequency of "talk" (β =0.6; p<0.0001).Frequency of "talk" is not related to parents' discordant perceptions regarding their child's reported involvement in relationships (β =0.002; p=0.79) or sexual touching (β =0.57; p=0.60).Conclusions-Parent and youth in Viet Nam are engaged in limited communication about reproductive health. There is need for more data to assess the impact of these communication patterns on youths' engagement in sexual behaviors and for development of family-centered interventions to increase parental knowledge and skills for positive communication.

In Vietnam, between 2000 and 2006, HIV rates among 15- to 49-year-olds in the general population have increased from 27% to 53%. The HIV epidemic is occuring in a context of rapid socioeconomic changes, which have brought about conflicting ideals and norms between "traditional" and "modern" gender roles. We discuss the processes for developing the Exploring the World of Adolescents gender-specific HIV prevention curricula for 15- to 21-year-old adolescents living in both rural and urban Vietnam. The curricula are modeled after an existing HIV prevention program previously adapted and evaluated in Vietnam (Vietnamese Focus on Kids) and based in social learning theory (prevention motivation theory) contextualized within socioeconomic changes. The overall capacity building and participatory strategies for program development included (a) review of the HIV/AIDS and socioeconomic conditions in Vietnam, (b) review of the Vietnamese Focus on Kids curriculum themes and the theoretical constructs from the protection motivation theory, () analysis of qualitative and quantitative needs assessment data to incorporate culturally significant issues of gender and sexuality, and (d) a review of themes and activities from existing evidence-based adolescent reproductive health curricula.

This paper examines the link between formal land tenure and poverty alleviation in the context of rural Vietnam. It assesses the relevance of the ideas of Hernando de Soto through the documentation of both formal and informal land market processes in order to identify efficiencies. The findings suggest that Vietnam has made significant progress in extending formal land use rights to agricultural land. However, obstacles remain in the issue of title on rural residential land, including high land use levies, costs of converting garden to residential land, surveying costs and the skills of cadastral officials. Transactions in agricultural land increasingly take place within the formal sector. In general, land sales and mortgages are processed quickly and at low cost by land administration authorities. However, evidence was found of informal fees, requirements for extra documentation, inconsistent land valuation procedures and government intervention to prevent sale of small plots. Where informality survives in the land market, examples were found of its detrimental effects, particularly on poor households: ownership disputes, reduced land values and difficulties in mortgaging informally held land. However, the Vietnamese evidence hints that the 'transforming effects' of formal title can also be exaggerated. Formal land title can cause its own difficulties when plot measurement is poorly executed and boundary disputes arise. The decisive role of formal title in facilitating mortgages is also questionable when banks accept other types of land document and the mechanisms for foreclosure remain complicated. Overall the research suggests that poor people may benefit more from efficient, inclusive and low cost formal land administration systems than from attempts to protect them from market forces. A series of recommendations are put forward to improve Vietnam's land administration system as the new 2003 Land Law is implemented.

E-wallet is a cutting-edge payment method that fosters cashless transactions and supports the expansion of the digital economy. Hanoi plans to become a digital city and achieve 50% of electrical payments by 2025. Understanding the intention to use e-wallets is crucial for promoting e-payment. This paper explores a hybrid theory of behaviour, including the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), and the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to examine the factors influencing undergraduate students’ intention to use e-wallets. Using survey data on 363 students from 12 higher education institutions in Hanoi and the Partial Least Square Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM) technique, the research findings indicate eight factors influencing students’ behavioural intention toward e-wallets in Hanoi: attitude, cost of e-payment, facilitating conditions, service quality, credibility, ease of use, usefulness, and social influence. Due to its multitude of factors, the proposed model offers high explanatory power. The results suggest implications to help Hanoi boost e-payment and digital transformation.

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