Abstract-Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have emerged as promising techniques for the treatment of wastewater containing complex organic compounds. In this study, experiments were carried out to determine the effect of superficial gas velocity on the hydrodynamic conditions (average gas hold-up & bubble size) and the effect of operating conditions on the photodegradation of methyl orange (MO) in a fluidized bed photoreactor. Optimum operating parameters were found to be: time of 120 min, catalyst loading of 1.5 g/L and the superficial gas velocity being 212.23 mm/s. An increase in the superficial gas velocity increases the average gas hold-up and bubble size. The effect of hydrodynamic conditions on photodegradation showed that an increase in the superficial gas velocity results in an increase in the removal of color and total organic carbon (TOC) removal.

In the coming years, energy sources will play a vital role in global development. Biofuels made from sustainable sources are essential for the global economy's long‐term viability and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Clean, renewable, and sustainable must be the watchwords for future energy strategy. Alcohol fuels are again becoming a popular term in the context of green fuel usage in relation to climate change mitigation and clean fuel technology. In this review, low alcohol synthesis, applications and limitations as fuel and its catalytic conversion to fuel and petrochemicals were discussed, in addition to the techno‐economic evaluation, environmental implications and prospects for practical application of low alcohols as fuels and petrochemicals. The study shows that lower alcohols have emerged as a fundamental feedstock for the synthesis of fuels and value‐added chemicals due to the increased accessibility of conversion technologies in recent years, but the cost of producing lower alcohols affects their commercialization and availability.