Background The complementary feeding period of 6-24 months of age is one of the most crucial moments in child growth, in which most of the decline in length-for-age Z-score (LAZ) occurs. The Minimum Acceptable Diet (MAD) and Infant and Child Feeding Index (ICFI) are indicators to assess complementary feeding practices in the children with potential for stunting. Objective To assess and compare the usefulness of MAD and ICFI scores as indicators of inadequate feeding practice on stunting in children aged 6-23 months. Methods This case-control study was conducted in South and West Wewewa subdisctricts of Southwest Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, from February to August 2019. Participants were children aged 6-23 months who had received complementary feeding for a minimum duration of one month. Children with LAZ <-2 were allocated into the case group (stunted) and those with LAZ>-2 into the control group. Both MAD and ICFI scores were assessed in both groups. ICFI was categorized as low, average, and high. The association between complementary feeding practice which depicted by the MAD and ICFI scores and stunting was measured using logistic regression. Results Of 322 participants, 161 children were allocated into each group. Multivariate analysis revealed that those in low and average ICFI tertile had higher odds of stunting [(OR 2.85; 95%CI 1.35 to 6.00; P<0.01) and (OR 1.95; 95%CI 1.09 to 3.46; P<0.05), respectively]. No association was found between MAD and stunting. Conclusion Inadequate complementary feeding practice is found to increase the risk of stunting among children aged 6-23 months. Compared to MAD, ICFI is a better indicator in demonstrating an association between complementary feeding practice and stunting.

Background Linear growth retardation in the first two years of life leads to numerous harmful consequences. Lack of diversity in the diet and inadequate amounts of complementary food have been associated with stunted growth in children. Objective To assess the dietary intake and investigate for associations with stunting among children aged 6-23 months. Methods This case-control study compared the dietary intake of children aged 6-23 months with and without stunting in the South and West Wewewa subdistricts of Southwest Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Complementary food types, dietary diversity, and nutritional intake were assessed and compared between groups. Nutrient intake sufficiency and stunting were analyzed by logistic regression. Results A total of 200 participants were equally allocated into groups with and without stunting. Only 6% of stunted children received adequate complementary food diversity compared to 14% of non-stunted children (P=0.05). The stunted group had significantly lower consumption of flesh foods (beef, fish, poultry, organ meat, and other kinds of meat) compared to the non-stunted group (7% vs. 16% of subjects, respectively; P<0.05). The median total protein intake was also significantly lower in stunted children compared to non-stunted children [7.72 (IQR 6.46, 11.31) g vs. 10.02 (IQR 6.53, 13.95) g, respectively; P<0.05] although no association was found between protein intake sufficiency and stunting in the multivariate analysis. Only maternal unemployment was positively associated with stunting (OR 2.32; 95%CI 1.26 to 4.26). Conclusion Overall, most subjects did not receive sufficient amounts of nutrients. Although dietary diversity was not found to be significantly different between those with and without stunting, a significantly lower proportion of stunted children consumed flesh food. The stunted group also received significantly lower protein from their diet although no association was found between nutrient intake sufficiency and stunting. Further studies are needed to longitudinally assess the effects of macronutrient and micronutrient intake sufficiency on linear growth in children.

Hyperthyroidism is considered to be an emergency in children. Death can occur in 10-20% of cases. This condition is found more often in adolescents and girls. Cholestasis may be caused by the hyperthyroidism or side effects of anti-thyroid drugs. Increased hepatic blood flow without adequate oxygen supply as a result of a hypermetabolic state affects the transport of bilirubin, leading to cholestasis.