No abstract

Kakadu cream contained 0,1% Kakadu plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana) extract with a high content of phenolic compound, flavonol, tocopherol, luthein, chlorophyll, and ellagic acid has potential to prevent the Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) effect on skin aging acceleration. To date, there’s no in vivo experiment on the effect of kakadu plum extract on collagen nor matrix metalloproteinase-1(MMP-1). This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Kakadu cream administration in inhibiting the increase of MMP-1 expressions and prevent the decrease of collagen amount in mice (Mus musculus) skin exposed to UV-B.   An experimental study with a post-test only control group design was employed in 36 male mice, 6-8 weeks old, weighing 20-25 grams. The samples were divided randomly into two groups, a control group given base cream and the study group, given Kakadu cream 0,1% on their shaved backs, 1 cm2 in size as the UV-B exposure's location. The UV-B irradiation was done three times a week for 4 weeks. The base and Kakadu cream were given twice a day. Comparative analysis was carried out to compare MMP-1 expression and collagen amount in both groups.   The results show that the mean of MMP-1 expression on the study group was significantly lower compared to control group (p<0.001). The mean collagen amount was significantly higher in the study group than in the control group (p< 0,001).   From the results, can be concluded that Kakadu cream inhibited the increase MMP-1 expression and prevent the decrease of collagen amount in mice skin exposed to UV-B.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in children and young adults is rare and pathologically problematic. RCC can be either hereditary or sporadic and has a guarded prognosis because appropriate management has not been established. A case of RCC in an 11-year-old is reported. The clinical presentation was a right abdominal mass, hematuria, urinary tract infection, and wasting. Radio-logically, the mass was found within the right kidney with calcification and paraaortic lymphadenopathy. The postsurgical diagnosis was Wilms' tumor stage T4N2M0. On gross inspection, the tumor was ill defined, extending across Gerota's fascia and into the ureter lumina. Microscopically, the tumor consisted of malignant epithelial cells with clear and eosinophilic cytoplasm in nested, papillary, and alveolar configuration. Hyaline nodules, psammoma bodies, vascular invasion, capsular invasion, and extension into the ureter were also found. Immunohistochemically, the cells showed strong nuclear immunoreactivity for TFE3. We concluded that this case was an RCC associated with Xp11.2 translocation/TFE3 fusion, Fuhrman grade 3, stage IV.

Glomerulonephritis is an inflammatory condition on renal glomerulus. These entities can manifest as nephrotic syndrome. One of causes of secondary glomerulonephritis is hepatitis B infection. Glomerulonephritis due to hepatitis B only happens in 0.1 – 25% cases, with the focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is rarely reported. We reported 20 years old male with nephrotic syndrome. He was homosexual with history of unprotected sex and multiple partners. From kidney biopsy, we found focal segmental glomerulosclerosis lesion. Blood examination showed he had both hepatitis B (HBV-DNA 1.7x108 IU/mL) and HIV infection (HIV-RNA 820 copies/mL, CD4 839 cell/uL). We treated this patient with combination of anti-viral drugs which consist of tenofovir, lamivudine and efavirenz. After three weeks of treatment, he showed improvement in the clinical symptoms and urinalysis.