We reported a significant improvement in the efficiency of organic solar cells by introducing hybrid TiO2:1,10-phenanthroline as a cathode buffer layer. The devices based on polymer thieno[3,4-b]thiophene/benzodithiophene:[6,6]-phenyl C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PTB7:PC71BM) with hybrid buffer layer exhibited an average power conversion efficiency (PCE) as high as 8.02%, accounting for 20.8% enhancement compared with the TiO2 based devices. The cathode modification function of this hybrid material could also be extended to the poly(3-hexylthiophene):[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PC61BM) system. We anticipate that this study will stimulate further research on hybrid materials to achieve more efficient charge collection and device performance.

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We introduce common eigenstates of many-particle compatible observables in n-mode Fock space. These states make a complete and orthogonal set and can be realized by the use of beam splitter devices. The entanglement properties of these states are exhibited, their applications in solving many-body problems and in quantum communication are shown.

We show that general Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-type ͑EPR-type͒ entanglement of continuous variables with arbitrary eigenvalues for bosons can be yielded. For bosons of nonzero resting mass EPR-type entangled state can be achieved by the use of atomic beam splitters in particles of a position eigenstate and n − 1 momentum eigenstates. For light field in which resting mass of the photon is zero, approximate EPR-type entanglement can be experimentally generated when we apply optical beam splitters to one position-squeezed coherence state and n − 1 momentum-squeezed coherence states, this approximate version tends to perfect EPR entanglement in the limit of infinite squeezing.

In the electrolyte containing Li + and TBA + (tert-n-butylammonium), the band edge movement, trap state distribution, electron recombination and electron transport in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) before and after TiO 2 film surface coating with Yb 2 O 3 is studied in this paper. It is found that whether surface coating could improve the performance of DSSCs depends on the compositions of the electrolytes. After surface coating, the band edge shifts negatively in the Li + electrolyte, but no significant negative shift was observed in the TBA + electrolyte. The changes of the trap state distribution also depend on the combined effects of the electrolytes and surface coating. In both types of electrolytes, the Yb 2 O 3 -coated TiO 2 film suppresses the recombination and slows down the electron transport. These findings are important for improving the performance of the DSSC using the surface coating, which could explain the reasons why the photoelectric efficiency could not improve by coating, doping, and core-shell TiO 2 in DSSCs.