In this study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to evaluate the relapse features of patients with Rolandic meningioma after the microsurgery. 53 patients with Rolandic meningioma were selected as the research objects, and they were divided into the relapse group (n = 16) and nonrelapse group (n = 37) according to whether patients had a relapse during the follow-up period. Differences in quality of life, 1H-MRS index, vascular density, and cell proliferation between the two groups were assessed as well as imaging differences between the two groups were analyzed using MRI. The results showed that the patients’ quality-of-life scores in the two groups increased notably after the surgical treatment (P < 0.05). Compared with the nonrelapse group, the proportion of irregular boundary and uneven enhancement of focal tissue in the relapse group was signally increased (P < 0.05). Compared with the nonrelapse group, cell proliferation index, vascular density and imaging index, mean tumor diameter, mean transit time (MTT), time to peak (TTP), fractional anisotropy (FA), choline (Cho)/N-acetylaspartic acid (NAA), Cho/creatine (Cr), lactic acid (Lac)/Cr, and the maximum value of relative cerebral blood volume (rCBVmax) in the relapse group were obviously increased (P < 0.05). However, the apparent dispersion coefficient, NAA/Cr, and Lac/NAA values decreased greatly (P < 0.05). To sum up, the microsurgical treatment helped improve the quality of life of patients with Rolandic meningioma, and MR imaging could be used to determine the relapse of Rolandic meningioma after microsurgical treatment.