The goals of this study were to examine the relations between and trajectories of mothers' and children's social positive expressivity. Mothers' and children's positive expressivity (PE) were observed annually for 4 years beginning when children were approximately 18 months old (n = 247; 110 girls). Based on correlations, there was evidence of rank-order stability in children's and mothers' PE. Based on growth curve analyses, mothers' and children's PE followed curvilinear trajectories; thus, mean-level instability was found. Children's PE during a free-play interaction with their mothers increased then decreased slightly whereas mothers' affect during the same task decreased then stabilized. Children's PE during a joy-inducing situation (i.e., bubbles) with an experimenter slightly decreased and then increased. In panel models, there was no evidence of prediction over time across children's and mothers' PE when taking stability into account. These unique trajectories and relations provide insight into the developmental pattern of young children's and their mothers' PE elicited within social contexts. KeywordsPositive emotion; trajectories; socialization of emotion Positive expressivity (PE) often plays an important role in social engagements, in part because it acts as a signal for friendly interactions (Izard & Ackerman, 2000). Within the first year of life, infants express positive affect during social interactions (e.g., social smiles; see Lewis, 2000), and in the first few years of life, their understanding of their own and others' emotional displays and experiences undergoes rapid advancements (see Saarni,Correspondence can be emailed to Julie Sallquist at julie.sallquist@asu.edu. Julie Sallquist is now at Arizona State University, School of Social and Family Dynamics; PO Box 873701; Tempe, Julie Sallquist, Nancy Eisenberg, and Natalie D. Eggum, Department of Psychology. Tracy L. Spinrad and Bridget M. Gaertner, School of Social and Family Dynamics. Julie Sallquist is now in the School of Social and Family Dynamics. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptSoc Dev. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 November 1. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript 1999). Throughout childhood, researchers have found positive relations between PE and social competence (Halberstadt, Denham, & Dunsmore, 2001;Lyubomirsky, King, & Diener, 2005;McDowell & Parke, 2005). Given the role of PE in adjustment, it is important to understand its early development and to examine children's PE within social contexts across time.Parents are thought to play a key role in regulating infants' and young children's emotional experiences (see Bell & Wolfe, 2004). Researchers have found positive relations of maternal PE with preschoolers' emotional understanding (Laible & Song, 2006) and cognitive functioning (Dunsmore, Halberstadt, Eaton, & Robinson, 2005). Denham, MitchellCopeland, Strandberg, Auerbach, and Blair (1997) found that mothers who displayed relatively high levels of PE with their childre...

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This paper reports on the findings of a survey conducted in relation to current Shanghai early childhood education via a self-assessment tool developed by the Association for Childhood Education International (ACEI). The investigation results of the most items are consistent with the values which the designer of the self-assessment tool holds. It shows that, to a great extent, the beliefs of the staff in early childhood care and education institutions (ECCEI) in Shanghai are consistent with the principles of the Global guidelines for early childhood education and care in the 21st century determined by the ACEI. In relation to care and education practices, the real situation of the staff of ECCEI in Shanghai is basically consistent with the results of the investigation.

Preferential liberalization of trade in services is a central feature of the new regionalism. "GATS-Plus" and "GATS-Minus" have become the distinctive characteristics of the service RTAs and this paper aims to investigate and distinguish the different effect of the "GATS-Plus" and "GATS-Minus" components of RTAs on the service trade . The results of the empirical research by using the gravity equation either with time-varying exporter and importer fixed effects or with the specific exporter and importer fixed effect and year fixed effect both indicate : (1) belonging to a RTA (both "only goods" RTA and "service" RTA) can increase the bilateral service trade between the trading-pairs significantly. (2) almost all the "GATS-plus" and "GATS-neutral" commitments either on market access or on national treatment made by trading-pairs with each other under service RTAs have significantly positive effect on bilateral service export. (3) the commitments of "GATS-minus" characteristic do not have significant negative effects on bilateral service export because "GATS-minus" treatment can be neutralized to some extent by two main preferential erosion mechanisms under the RTAs: "liberal rule of origin" and "non-party MFN provision".

Abstract-Recently the regional service trade liberalization is expanding rapidly. In the wake of the 'GATS+' trend showing in the regional trade agreements (RTAs), GATS-Minus (GATS-) characteristics has been found obviously in part of these RTAs. This paper showed that GATS-minus commitments is concentrated to some specific service sectors (such as finance, communication, business and transportation services) and supply modes (mainly mode 3 and mode 4). The typical GATS minus commitments are as follows: (1) imposing more restriction measures on the original market access and national treatment commitments; (2)seeking more exemption and exclusion on the subsidy related obligations ; (3) reducing the sector coverage of the GATS commitment.