Conservation biologists often need to set ecological modeling assumptions or estimate parameters from sparse data. In some cases this problem can be addressed by incorporating data from closely related species or from the same species at different sites (i.e., collateral data). Currently no structured methods exist for incorporating such information. An analogous problem in Actuarial science is to set premium rates in situations with little direct data on claim frequency or size. The rates are estimated using actuarial credibility theory, which incorporates collateral data with the direct data. actuarial credibility theory combined with the actuarial control cycle financial management process also provides an adaptive mechanism for updating assumptions. This theory may have some utility for ecologists wanting to incorporate collateral data in an adaptive management framework, a companion to approaches such as Bayesian updating. We describe the historical development of actuarial credibility theory from early ad hoc methods to empirical Bayes approaches. We explore some of the theory's strengths, such as relative simple formulae for incorporation collateral data, and we explore some of the theory's weaknesses, such as the use of the best linear approximation to the Bayes estimate. We illustrate potential applications of the theory using an example on the mortality rate of the Powerful Owl ( Ninox strenua).
Incorporando Datos Colaterales a la Biología de la ConservaciónResumen: A menudo, los biólogos de la conservación necesitan hacer supuestos en los modelos ecológicos o estimar parámetros a partir de datos dispersos. En algunos casos se pueden encarar estos problemas incorporando datos de especies cercanamente relacionadas o de la misma especie en sitios diferentes (es decir, datos colaterales). Actualmente no existen métodos para incorporar dicha información. Un problema análogo en la ciencia Actuarial es fijar tasas superiores en situaciones con pocos datos directos sobre frecuencia o tamaño de reclamaciones. Las tasas son estimadas utilizando la teoría actuarial de credibilidad, que incorpora datos colaterales a los datos directos. La teoría actuarial de credibilidad, combinada con el ciclo de control actuarial del proceso de administración financiera también proporciona un mecanismo adaptativo para actualizar supuestos. Esta teoría puede tener utilidad para ecólogos que quieren incorporar datos colaterales en un marco de manejo adaptativo, un acompañante de métodos como actualización Bayesiana. Describimos el desarrollo histórico de la teoría actuarial de credibilidad desde los primeros métodos ad hoc hasta métodos Bayes empíricos. Exploramos algunas de las fortalezas de la teoría, como las fórmulas simples para la incorporación de datos colaterales, y exploramos algunas de sus debilidades, como el uso de la mejor aproximación lineal a la estimación Bayes. Ilustramos las aplicaciones potenciales de la teoría utilizando como ejemplo la tasa de mortalidad de Ninox strenua.
Pollution of the environment by metals and organic contaminants is an intractable global problem, with cleanup costs running into billions of dollars using current engineering technologies. The availability of alternative, cheap and effective technologies would significantly improve the prospects of cleaning-up metal contaminated sites. Phytoremediation has been proposed as an economical and 'green' method of exploiting plants to extract or degrade the contaminants in the soil. To date, the majority of phytoremediation efforts have been directed at leaping the biological biochemical and agronomic hurdles to deliver a working technology, with scant attention to the economic outlook other than simple estimates of the cost advantages ofphytoremediation over other techniques. In this paper we use a deterministic actauarial model to show that uncertainty in project success (the possibility that full clean up may not be realized) may significantly increase the perceived costs of remediation works for decision-makers.
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