Astellas Pharma, Inc.

Objectives To report long-term HIV treatment outcomes in 7 Caribbean countries. Design Observational cohort study. Methods We report outcomes for all antiretroviral therapy (ART) naïve adult patients enrolled on ART from program inception until study closing for cohorts in Barbados, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Trinidad, and Puerto Rico. Incidence and predictors of mortality were analyzed by time-to-event approaches. Results 8,203 patients started ART from 1998 to 2008. Median follow-up time was 31 months (interquartile range: 14 to 50 months). Mortality was 13% overall: 6% in Martinique, 8% in Jamaica, 11% in Trinidad, 13% in Haiti, 15% in the Dominican Republic, 15% in Barbados, and 24% in Puerto Rico. Mortality was associated with male gender (HR 1.58; 95% CI: 1.33 – 1.87), body weight (HR 0.85 per 10 pounds; 95% CI: 0.82 – 0.89), hemoglobin (HR 0.84 per g/dl; 95% CI: 0.80 – 0.88), CD4 cell count (0.90 per 50 CD4 cells; 95% CI: 0.86 – 0.93), concurrent TB (HR 1.58; 95% CI: 1.25 – 2.01) and age (HR 1.19 per 10 years; 95% CI: 1.11 – 1.28). After controlling for these variables, mortality in Martinique, Jamaica, Trinidad and Haiti was not significantly different. A total of 75% of patients remained alive and in-care at the end of the study period. Conclusions Long-term mortality rates vary widely across the Caribbean. Much of the difference can be explained by disease severity at ART initiation, nutritional status, and concurrent TB. Earlier ART initiation will be critical to improve outcomes.

Background: Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) increases the risk of complications and mortality. We assessed the magnitude of these outcomes in a large cohort of English patients with initial and recurrent CDI. Aim: To compare the risk of complications and all-cause mortality, within 12 months, among hospitalized patients !18 years old with hospital-associated-(HA-) CDI and recurrent CDI. Methods: Patients with HA-CDI during 2002e2013 were identified using inpatient hospital data linked to primary care and death data. Each HA-CDI case was frequency matched to two hospitalized patients without CDI on age group, sex, calendar year of admission, admission method and number of hospital care episodes. A second CDI episode starting on days 13e56 was defined as recurrence. Risks of mortality and complications at 12 months were analysed using Cox proportional hazard models. Findings: We included 6862 patients with HA-CDI and 13,724 without CDI. Median age was 81.0 years (IQR 71.0e87.0). Patients with HA-CDI had more comorbidities than those without CDI, and significantly higher risks of mortality (adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) 1.77 (1.67e1.87)) and complications (1.66 (1.46e1.88)) within 12 months from hospital admission. Of those with HA-CDI, 1140 (16.6%) experienced CDI recurrence. Patients with recurrent versus non-recurrent CDI also had significantly increased risk of mortality (1.32 (1.20e1.45)) and complications (1.37 (1.01e1.84)) in the 12 months from the initial CDI. Conclusions: HA-CDI (versus no CDI) and recurrent CDI are both associated with significantly higher risks of complications or death within 12 months of the initial CDI episode.

Poor outcomes following Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) have been associated with advanced age, presence of cancer and C . difficile PCR-ribotype 027. The impact of baseline risk factors on clinical outcomes was evaluated using data from the EXTEND study, in which rate of sustained clinical cure (SCC) in the overall population was significantly higher with an extended-pulsed fidaxomicin (EPFX) regimen than with vancomycin. Patients aged ≥ 60 years received EPFX (fidaxomicin 200 mg twice daily, days 1–5; once daily on alternate days, days 7–25) or vancomycin (125 mg four times daily, days 1–10). We analysed outcomes by advanced age, cancer diagnosis, CDI severity, prior CDI occurrence and infection with PCR-ribotype 027. The primary endpoint was SCC 30 days after end of treatment (EOT; clinical response at test-of-cure with no subsequent recurrence). SCC rates 30 days after EOT did not differ significantly between EPFX (124/177, 70.1%) and vancomycin (106/179, 59.2%) regardless of age, cancer diagnosis, CDI severity and prior CDI. In patients with PCR-ribotype 027, SCC rate 30 days after EOT was significantly higher with EPFX (20/25, 80%) than with vancomycin (9/22, 40.9%) (treatment difference, 39.1%; 95% CI, 13.2–64.9; P = 0.006). Subgroup analyses from the EXTEND study suggest that EPFX is efficacious as a potential treatment for CDI regardless of age, cancer diagnosis, infection with PCR-ribotype 027, CDI severity or prior CDI. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02254967. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10096-019-03525-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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