. Fourteen killer yeasts were assayed for their ability to kill species of yeast that are commonly associated with fermenting grape must and wine. A total of 147 of a possible 364 killer-sensitive interactions were observed at pH 4Á5. Of the killer yeasts studied, Pichia anomala NCYC 434 displayed the broadest killing range. At a pH value comparable with those of wine ferments, pH 3Á5, the incidence of killer-sensitive interactions was reduced by 70% across all the yeasts. Williopsis saturnus var. mrakii CBS 1707 exhibited the broadest killing range at the lower pH, killing more than half of the tester strains. Intraspeci®c variation in sensitivity to killer yeasts was observed in all species where more than one strain was tested. Also, in strains of Pichia anomala, Kluyveromyces lactis and Pichia membranifaciens, the three species in which more than one killer yeast was analysed, intraspeci®c variation in killer activity was observed.