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This paper assesses the communication, information and functional requirements of Virtual Power Plants (VPPs). A conceptual formulation of the interoperability requirements is presented as well as a comparative study of their fulfillment by state-of-the-art communication techniques. VPP requirements are then mapped against services and information models of IEC 61850 and CIM power utility automation standards. Proposals are given for extensions of the IEC 61850 standard to enhance the interaction between VPP controller and the distributed energy resources. Finally the methodology and concepts are applied to a specific VPP consisting of hydro and wind plants, solar PV and storage facilities. Several applications to provide grid services from the proposed VPP in an existing 50 kV grid are covered. The implementation of the VPP communication and control architecture in the SCADA of demonstration plant is also presented. Index Terms-Distributed power generation, Energy storage, Reactive power control, Virtual power plant 1551-3203 (c)A VPP requires information from a large number of application domains (wind, hydro, solar PVs, storage, market operation, demand response schemes, etc). This section analyzes the requirements of a VPP using the Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM) [9], which has been developed by CEN, CENELEC and ETSI standardization bodies in response to the European Commission mandate M/490 [10]. This framework has been selected over the IntelliGrid Architecture from Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) [11] and IEC reference architecture for power utility automation [12,13] due to the SGAMs distinction of interoperability requirements on protocol, information, functional and business level.The SGAM model divides the components of the power system into domains and zones, see Fig. 1. The DER system management spans the process, field, station and operation zones [14] and the distribution and customer premises domains. Interactions also exist to enterprise and market zones and, potentially, to the transmission domain.

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