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Discrimination against people with higher body weight is pervasive and is associated with myriad adverse health outcomes. Current theories conceptualize weight-based discrimination as a psychological stressor, yet relatively few studies have examined how people cope with the stress of weight discrimination. The present study provides a qualitative analysis of strategies used to cope with everyday weight discrimination. Semistructured interviews were conducted with a racially/ethnically diverse sample of 32 adult men and women with a body mass index ≥30 kg/m 2 living in the United States. Twelve coping strategies were identified as follows: seeking support, avoidance, eating, distraction, meditation, self-harm, rumination, social withdrawal, cognitive restructuring, weight management, confrontation, and impression management. Strategies perceived to be most effective included seeking support, using distraction, engaging in cognitive restructuring, and ignoring the stigmatizing encounter. Eating and rumination were perceived to be the least effective. Three trajectories reflection change in coping strategy usage over time are dicussed (perceived improvement over time, no change over time, or deterioration over time). The present study provides a detailed depiction of responses used to manage weight discrimination, including several previously unidentified strategies and contextual factors associated with the coping process. Some coping strategies were directed at reducing the psychological impact of weight discrimination, while others focused on minimizing future exposure. It will be important for future research to assess whether coping strategies moderate or mediate effects of weight discrimination on health outcomes. Findings may also be useful in guiding interventions to reduce the harmful health consequences of weight discrimination.

Background: Bone Marrow Aspirate (BMA) contains growth factors and signaling entities essential for local cellular repair. BMA and concentrated BMA injections (BMC) are used for orthopedic procedures, such as in treating cartilaginous and bony defects. Several techniques exist for harvesting BMA. A technique termed ultrasound-guided posterior iliac crest aspiration (UPICA) is of special interest. This case series wasundertaken to determine if practitioners can effectively perform the UPICA technique in a clinical setting. Methods: In accordance with the UPICA technique, ultrasound guidance was used to localize the posterior iliac crest. Following local anesthesia, aspiration was performed using 10 mL syringes at multiple depths. The periosteum was entered once. A needle was advanced 0.5 cm with each new depth. At each penetration level, 10 mL was drawn before rotating 90 degrees and aspirating an additional 10 mL. Following aspiration at various depths, approximately 60 mL of BMA was obtained. The inclusion criteria for this study were patients with diagnosed glenohumeral osteoarthritis, knee osteoarthritis, hip osteoarthritis, or rotator cuff tears whose condition had failed to improve with conservative care. The UPICA technique was performed in each case by the senior author (BG). Results: For the 10 cases, the average patient age was 72 (SD 7.6; range 58–81) years old. The sample included 8 males and 2 females. The mean total nucleated cell count (TNCC)/mL BMA was 9.7E+06 (SD  2.9E+06), while the TNCC/mL bone marrow concentrate (BMC) was 43.9E+06 (SD 29.5E+06), a 4.3 (SD 2.3)-fold increase in concentration. The mean cell colony forming units-fibroblasts (CFU-f)/mL BMA was 520 (SD 155) with a mean CFU-f/mL BMC of 4899 (SD 2887) resulting in a 9.6 (SD 4.6)-fold increase in concentration. The viability for the BMA was 97.5 (SD 2.3) %, and the BMC was 94.9 (SD 4.55) %. Conclusions: Utilizing the UPICA technique, similar yields for the BMC CFU-f/mL counts were obtained to those reported previously by other clinicians. Additionally, the results demonstrated the ability of the bone marrow concentration system to successfully concentrate the BMA. Based on these findings, the research team endorses the UPICA technique as a viable method for bone marrow aspiration.

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