Constipation is common in primary care, and multiple medications seem to be an important contributing factor. Concurrent diseases are also associated but at most are only contributing to a minority of cases.

Our results confirm a strong association between H. pylori and gastric carcinoma and adenoma. The intestinal-type gastric carcinoma is associated with atrophic gastritis and IM.

The Nepean Dyspepsia Index is a valid, disease-specific index for functional dyspepsia, measuring symptoms and health-related quality of life.