The cover picture shows a single molecule of double stranded DNA electrophoretically transporting through a solid state nanopore in a SiNx membrane. Attached to the DNA are Li molecules which compose the experimental buffer and actively slow transport of the DNA. Transport is further slowed by applying a salt gradient between the cis and trans side of the membrane, denoted by the difference in background color. Nanopore biosensing relies on the ability to capture anomalies on nucleic acid molecules by observing current blockages caused by molecule translocation. Slowing DNA transport with LiCl salt gradients proves to be a low cost and efficient method of improving temporal resolution and increasing the viability of nanopore biosensors commercially. Part I. General, CE and CEC 1019Resolving quantum dots and peptide assembly and disassembly using bending capillary electrophoresis

accessible synthetic nanopore fabrication approach, controlled breakdown (CDB). Since CDB uses conductance feedback to monitor the nanopore fabrication, it cannot tell whether there is a large single nanopore or multiple small nanopores in the membrane. In this work, we found that despite the stochastic process during the breakdown, nanopores created via breakdown in a SiN x membrane tend to have the same scale. We proposed a resistance model to govern the multiple nanopores formation by the conductance feedback -the number of nanopores in the membrane was determined by the membrane resistance and the nanopore sizes were controlled by the enlargement electric field. We further characterized our multiple nanopores by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging and the fluorescence of Ca 2þ -activated dyes. We anticipate that by combining with optical measurements, this fabrication approach could accelerate the process of nanopore sensing towards a highthroughput and multichannel technique.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.201800426 The cover picture shows a single molecule of double stranded DNA electrophoretically transporting through a solid state nanopore in a SiNx membrane. Attached to the DNA are Li molecules which compose the experimental buffer and actively slow transport of the DNA. Transport is further slowed by applying a salt gradient between the cis and trans side of the membrane, denoted by the difference in background color. Nanopore biosensing relies on the ability to capture anomalies on nucleic acid molecules by observing current blockages caused by molecule translocation. Slowing DNA transport with LiCl salt gradients proves to be a low cost and efficient method of improving temporal resolution and increasing the viability of nanopore biosensors commercially.