Although early therapeutic research on psychedelics dates back to the 1940s, this field of investigation was met with many cultural and legal challenges in the 1970s. Over the past two decades, clinical trials using psychedelics have resumed. Therefore, the goal of this study was to (1) better characterize the recent uptrend in psychedelics in clinical trials and (2) identify areas where potentially new clinical trials could be initiated to help in the treatment of widely prevalent medical disorders. A systematic search was conducted on the clinicaltrials.gov database for all registered clinical trials examining the use of psychedelic drugs and was both qualitatively and quantitatively assessed. Analysis of recent studies registered in clinicaltrials.gov was performed using Pearson's correlation coefficient testing. Statistical analysis and visualization were performed using R software. In totality, 105 clinical trials met this study's inclusion criteria. The recent uptrend in registered clinical trials studying psychedelics (p = 0.002) was similar to the uptrend in total registered clinical trials in the registry (p < 0.001). All trials took place from 2007 to 2020, with 77.1% of studies starting in 2017 or later. A majority of clinical trials were in phase 1 (53.3%) or phase 2 (25.7%). Common disorders treated include substance addiction, post-traumatic stress disorder, and major depressive disorder. Potential research gaps include studying psychedelics as a potential option for symptomatic treatment during opioid tapering. There appears to be a recent uptrend in registered clinical trials studying psychedelics, which is similar to the recent increase in overall trials registered. Potentially, more studies could be performed to evaluate the potential of psychedelics for symptomatic treatment during opioid tapering and depression refractory to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

Background Staged surgery for skull base lesions has been utilized to facilitate maximal safe resection and optimize outcomes while minimizing morbidity and complications. Conversely, staged surgery for primary intraparenchymal neoplasms is less commonly performed and has not been reported as extensively within the literature. As such, we performed a systematic review to examine the unique surgical indications for staging, timing between stages, specific surgical approaches employed, and postoperative complications of staged surgery for primary intra-axial neoplasms. Methods A literature search was conducted in August 2021 using PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. Titles and abstracts were evaluated independently by two authors, after which articles were selected for final analysis based on application of strict inclusion criteria during full text screen. Each included article was then qualitatively assessed and relevant variables – including operative approaches, timing, and outcomes – were extracted for synthesis. Results Of 115 results, 7 articles were included for final analysis and consisted of 17 pediatric and 4 adult patients. Staged approaches were more commonly utilized in the pediatric patient population for resection of astrocytoma and glioma. Pediatric patients had a timing of surgeries ranging from 5–10 days between operations, compared to 18 days-4 months in adult patients. Complications in pediatric patients were most commonly hemiparesis, hydrocephalus, CN VI and VII palsies, truncal ataxia, and cerebellar mutism, while complications in adult patients included language and abstract thinking deficits, respiratory failure, and motor weakness. Conclusion This study reports the first comprehensive review of staged surgical procedures for primary, intra-axial cranial neoplasms. There exists a large degree of heterogeneity in complications resulting from staged surgeries for intra-axial neoplasms, which are similar to complications associated with single-stage surgery for intraparenchymal lesions as well as multi-stage surgeries for skull base lesions.

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Vortices shedding off the edges of aircraft carriers produce turbulent airflow in the region aft of the carrier. The phenomenon, known as the burble, generates adverse conditions, including a velocity deficit and a large sudden downwash. Since aircraft on approach travel near stall speed and at high angles of attack, the burble further increases the likelihood of stall. Mitigating burble would make aircraft carrier landings safer for naval aviators. A computational and experimental study has been conducted to examine this phenomenon, and to explore its control. For this latter objective, alternating current dielectric barrier discharge (AC DBD) plasma actuators were used to leverage their known ability to add momentum to the flow and thus reduce shedding from bluff bodies. This project proposed that by reducing vortical shedding, the AC DBDs would attenuate the downwash in the burble. The project tested the effectiveness of DBDs in reducing the downwash for various forcing frequencies A transient solution was obtained in ANSYS Fluent for both the baseline and active flow control cases. Analysis of the experimental and computational data at various spanwise and streamwise locations aft of the aircraft carrier showed that the plasma actuators attenuated the downwash to some degree. The computational and experimental data exhibited similar trends in decreasing the downwash magnitude. Nomenclature B = magnetic field strength E = electric field strength F = body force Q = dynamic pressure Re = Reynolds number V = flow velocity e = charge of electron n = number density q = local charge v = velocity of charged particle α = downwash angle ε d = dielectric constant ε v = permittivity of fluid ρ = fluid density subscripts avg = average i = ion e = electron x = x-direction y = y-direction ∞ = freestream