BackgroundMuch of the recent research in companion animal nutrition has focussed on understanding the role of diet on faecal microbiota composition. To date, diet-induced changes in faecal microbiota observed in humans and rodents have been extrapolated to pets in spite of their very different dietary and metabolic requirements. This lack of direct evidence means that the mechanisms by which microbiota influences health in dogs are poorly understood. We hypothesised that changes in faecal microbiota correlate with physiological parameters including apparent macronutrient digestibility.MethodsFifteen adult dogs were assigned to two diet groups, exclusively fed either a premium kibbled diet (kibble; K; n = 8) or a raw red meat diet (meat; M; n = 7) for nine weeks. Apparent digestibility of macronutrients (protein, fat, gross energy and dry matter), faecal weight, faecal health scores, faecal VFA concentrations and faecal microbial composition were determined. Datasets were integrated using mixOmics in R.ResultsFaecal weight and VFA levels were lower and the apparent digestibility of protein and energy were higher in dogs on the meat diet. Diet significantly affected 27 microbial families and 53 genera in the faeces. In particular, the abundances of Bacteriodes, Prevotella, Peptostreptococcus and Faecalibacterium were lower in dogs fed the meat diet, whereas Fusobacterium, Lactobacillus and Clostridium were all more abundant.DiscussionOur results show clear associations of specific microbial taxa with diet composition. For example, Clostridiaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae and Bacteroidaceae were highly correlated to parameters such as protein and fat digestibility in the dog. By understanding the relationship between faecal microbiota and physiological parameters we will gain better insights into the effects of diet on the nutrition of our pets.

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People who avoid eating animals tend to share their homes with animal companions, and moral dilemma may arise when they are faced with feeding animal products to their omnivorous dogs and carnivorous cats. One option to alleviate this conflict is to feed pets a diet devoid of animal ingredients—a ‘plant-based’ or ‘vegan’ diet. The number of pet owners who avoid animal products, either in their own or in their pets’ diet, is not currently known. The objective of this study was to estimate the number of meat-avoiding pet owners, identify concerns regarding conventional animal- and plant-based pet food, and estimate the number of pets fed a plant-based diet. A questionnaire was disseminated online to English-speaking pet owners (n = 3,673) to collect data regarding pet owner demographics, diet, pet type, pet diet, and concerns regarding pet foods. Results found that pet owners were more likely to be vegetarian (6.2%; 229/3,673) or vegan (5.8%; 212/3,673) than previously reported for members of the general population. With the exception of one dog owned by a vegetarian, vegans were the only pet owners who fed plant-based diets to their pets (1.6%; 59/3,673). Of the pet owners who did not currently feed plant-based diets but expressed interest in doing so, a large proportion (45%; 269/599) desired more information demonstrating the nutritional adequacy of plant-based diets. Amongst all pet owners, the concern most commonly reported regarding meat-based pet foods was for the welfare of farm animals (39%; 1,275/3,231). The most common concern regarding strictly plant-based pet foods was regarding the nutritional completeness of the diet (74%; 2,439/3,318). Amongst vegans, factors which predicted the feeding of plant-based diets to their pets were concern regarding the cost of plant-based diets, a lack of concern regarding plant-based diets being unnatural, and reporting no concern at all regarding plant-based diets for pets. Given these findings, further research is warranted to investigate plant-based nutrition for domestic dogs and cats.

A high concentration of dietary carbohydrate is suggested to increase the risk of obesity and diabetes mellitus in domestic cats. To evaluate this, food intake, body weight, fat mass and circulating adiposity-related factors were determined in twenty-four sexually mature (9-12 months) cats assigned to four six-cat dietary groups balanced for body weight and sex. The effect of dietary fat in exchange for carbohydrate at 9, 25, 44 and 64 % of metabolisable energy (ME) in a purified diet of constant protein:ME ratio was studied 13 weeks before and 17 weeks after gonadectomy (GX). Body weight did not significantly change among the cats before GX except for an increase of 17 (SEM 5) % in cats given the highest-fat diet. Following GX, all groups gained body weight, and body fat mass was positively correlated (r 0·50; P,0·04) with dietary fat percentage. Post-GX weight gains were much greater for females (þ39 (SEM 5) %) than males (þ 10 (SEM 4) %). Plasma ghrelin concentration negatively correlated (P,0·02) with dietary fat percentage and, before GX, was greater (P, 0·05) in females than males. Plasma insulin concentration increased with weight gain induced by high dietary fat. Plasma glucose, TAG and leptin concentrations were not affected by dietary fat percentage, GX or weight gain. These data provide evidence that in cats, high dietary fat, but not carbohydrate, induces weight gain and a congruent increase in insulin, while GX increases sensitivity to weight gain induced by dietary fat. Obesity: Dietary fat: Neutering: Ghrelin: CatsAn evaluation of the nutrient requirements of domestic cats has led to the conclusion that cats are metabolically attuned to carnivorous diets 1 . As such, cats serve as useful models for studies of comparative nutrition and metabolism. Recent epidemiological investigations have yielded evidence which attributes an increased risk for obesity in cats to commercially available, high-carbohydrate, dry-expanded diets as opposed to commercially available, canned, high-fat diets 2 . These observations in cats deviate from experimental finding in the rodent literature, where diets high in fat are found to cause weight gain and induce obesity 3,4 . Mechanisms by which high-carbohydrate diets might cause obesity in cats are speculative. A high constitutive rate of glucose production from amino acid catabolism and a low capacity for glucose disposal are suggested to direct unutilised carbohydrate toward fatty acid synthesis and storage 5 . An alternative mechanism is that high dietary carbohydrate exposure extraordinarily prolongs insulin release, resulting in diversion of dietary fat away from oxidation toward storage in adipose. This latter mechanism seems more plausible than the former because feline liver and adipose tissues appear to poorly utilise glucose for fatty acid synthesis 6 . Ingredients, energy density and palatability of high-carbohydrate, commercial dry-expanded diets are substantively different from those in most commercial canned diets. Because of this, factors other than carboh...

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