Nowadays, endorsement or paid promotion activities through Instagram are not only done by celebrities but also by people from other professions with many followers such as television journalists. The journalists who play an important role as the fourth pillar of a democratic nation are immersed in digital euphoria by participating in endorsement activities. This certainly leaves ethical problems. Based on the Indonesian Journalist Code of Ethics, a journalist must be independent and prohibited to misuse their profession to benefit certain parties. Therefore, this research was conducted to study this phenomenon, especially in understanding the attitudes and perceptions of journalists towards their endorsement or paid promotion activities. This research was conducted using a descriptive-qualitative approach with semi-structured in-depth interview. Five informants, consisting of journalists from several television stations (SCTV, TV One and Kompas TV), were interviewed. The results show that the journalist's motives in doing the endorsement are helping small businesses and obtaining financial benefits. Four informants believe that the endorsement activities do not violate the Journalistic Code of Ethics as long as they only talk about the facts and do not spread lies, while, the other one thinks it certainly do. Their perceptions were influenced by their membership of professional association and ownership of professional certification. The informants who agreed that the endorsement activities are not in accordance with the code of ethics, has a membership of Indonesian Television Journalists Association and also has a professional certification as senior journalist, while the other informants lack such credibility.

This study aims to describe the muting of female art worker who was a victim of sexual violence in social media. In addition, this study also aims to identify the cause of her muteness. The conceptual framework of this research is derived from muted group theory, previous studies about art worker, definitions and types of sexual violence, women in patriarchal culture, sexual violence and patriarchal culture, Instagram, women and social media. This study uses critical constructionism paradigm and descriptive qualitative research type. The analytical units in this study are two Instagram stories which were posted by a famous dangdut singer Via Vallen and exposed her sexual harassment experience to the public. Roland Barthes' semiotics analysis is used in this study to explain denotative and connotative meanings also revealed the myths behind the displayed symbols. The results of this study indicates that although female art worker has access to social media, where she can express their resistance towards sexual harassment in front of millions of her followers, at the end she remains muted. Muting occures when female art worker can not articulate her experience of sexual violence in front of the dominant group. This is caused by patriarchal ideology which roots in our society and operates systematically to mute the expression of female art worker who was a victim of sexual violence on social media. Systematic patriarchal operations are carried out by constructing the position of female art worker in society, fostering stigma and stereotypes about them in our daily life, naturalizing many forms of sexual violence that afflicted them, and ignoring their expression about sexual violence.

Society expects women always to maintain their physical appearance throughout the ages. We can see this condition from the public's view of senior female celebrities, an example of successful ageing or ageing well. This study explores the visual discourse of femininity over the age of 50, which emerges from the Instagram accounts of senior female celebrities. Multimodal critical discourse analysis was conducted on images and texts to reveal dominant themes and rhetorical elements inherent in the femininity of senior female celebrities. The concepts of representation, body and femininity, ageism, and social media analyse alternative discourse related to ageing femininity. This study denotes that the ageing discourse of senior female celebrities reflects the dialectic of realising or revising sexist and ageist ideas about how women look after they reach old age.

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