Animal manure is an important source of anthropogenic GHG (greenhouse gas): methane (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). The livestock contributes with 37% of global CH 4 emission. The sources of GHG (CO 2 and CH 4 ) are the liquid manure or slurry storage and the compact solid manure. Measurement systems of GHG emission are important for the selection of the appropriate technology. By using the closed chamber method for soil, landfills, volcanoes etc., the present study evaluates the estimation of total emissions of methane and carbon dioxide from an experimental farm in Cluj County, Romania. The investigated area covered with sheep solid manure was about 579 m 2 and ~5 cm thick, for cattle was about 12 m 2 and 5 m thick and for swine was about 1.5 m 5 and 0.5 m thick. The total methane emission measured for sheep manure was 0.83 t CH 4 /year and for cattle manure was 0.185 t CH 4 / year. The total carbon dioxide emission measured for sheep manure was 61.3 t CO 2 /year and for cattle manure was 4.7 t CO 2 /year. The measurement for pigs manure was high and this could be due to the freshness of the manure. The estimated emissions showed that a considerable amount of CH 4 and CO 2 is produced also by an experimental farm and an appropriate management of manure is important for reducing greenhouse gas. In this respect, we believe that the future solution for a green economy is to use manure in biogas plants.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a methodology that can be used to evaluate the environmental performance of municipal solid waste management systems (MSWMS). Despite of Waste Directive provisions, this methodology is insufficiently applied as a decision-support method able to identify the best option for the waste management in Romania. In this paper we applied LCA methodology to study of the municipal waste management system of Cluj County, supported by GaBi software. The aim of this study is to identify the most environmentally friendly waste management scenario. To fulfill this goal, four different MSWMS scenarios have been developed and applied for Cluj County. Scenario #1 represents the current MSW management status in the area of concern, involving the commingled collection systems, transportation and landfilling, while in case of the second Scenario assumes the inclusion of composting, which is applied for the wet part of the MSW, in order to obtain a similar product as the compost (SPC). The quality of SPC is not so good, but the product can be used at least as covering material for landfill rehabilitation (the existing old landfills) or other contaminated areas such as forests, mines, quarries. Scenario #3 integrates the recycling options for the recyclable materials. In Scenario #4 incineration was added for the residual waste defined as "other waste" (household hazardous waste). The Life Cycle Inventory analysis was carried out by using the GaBi4 software. The environmental impacts of these four scenarios were analyzed with respect to the global warming potential (the highest value was 9.34E+20 kg equiv. CO2 for Scenario 1 and the lowest value was -1.44E+21 kg equiv. CO2 for Scenario 4, the negative value reflecting an avoided impact on the environment), acidification potential (the highest value was 2.68E+15 kg equiv. SO2 for Scenario 1 and the lowest value was -9.63E+16 for the Scenario 4), eutrophication potential (the highest value was 6.30E+14 kg equiv. PO4 for Scenario 4 and the lowest value was 1.60E+14 kg equiv. PO4 for Scenario 1), human toxicity potential (the highest value was 4.26E+08 kg equiv. DCB for Scenario 1 and the lowest value was -2.00E+11 kg equiv. DCB for Scenario 4), freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity potential (the highest value was 9.86E+05 kg equiv. DCB and the lowest value was -2.00E+11 kg equiv. DCB) and photochemical ozone creation potential (the highest value was 1.57E+15 kg equiv. ethene and the lowest value was -7.50E+16 kg equiv. ethene). The results revealed that Scenario #4 can be identified as the most environmentally friendly one, due to the good results regarding all environmental impacts and higher energy recovery (1.90E+09 MJ for Scenario 4 compared to 7.78E+07 MJ for Scenario 2). In all scenarios, the generated impact for the global warming category has a dominant contribution and the impact on eutrophication potential play an important role. In this study the waste management scenarios were investigated only by the environmental point of view and for the ec...

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The municipal waste landfills are known as important anthropogenic sources of methane and carbon dioxide being the most important greenhouse gases. The present study estimates the methane and carbon dioxide emission from the municipal open dump landfill of Cluj-Napoca (Romania). Two different methods were used: the first method was based on in situ measurements, using the closed chamber technique and the second one was based on the 2006 IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) Waste Model spreadsheet and the default emissions estimated approach for the methane inventory preparation calculation. The IPCC Waste Model was utilized to calculate the emissions, taking into account the specific waste composition and climate information because it can be used with a limited amount of data. This is the first study in which the closed chamber technique was applied on a municipal landfill in Romania. The methane and carbon dioxide emissions determined by in situ measurements were estimated at 827 t·y -1 for methane and 9,102 t·y -1 for carbon dioxide respectively on an area of approximately 80,000 m 2 . In comparison, the calculated values for methane, by using the IPCC 2006 methodology, were four times higher which means that the 2006 IPCC method overestimates the methane and carbon dioxide emission.