RNA nanotechnology
is the bottom-up self-assembly of nanometer-scale
architectures, resembling LEGOs, composed mainly of RNA. The ideal
building material should be (1) versatile and controllable in shape
and stoichiometry, (2) spontaneously self-assemble, and (3) thermodynamically,
chemically, and enzymatically stable with a long shelf life. RNA building
blocks exhibit each of the above. RNA is a polynucleic acid, making
it a polymer, and its negative-charge prevents nonspecific binding
to negatively charged cell membranes. The thermostability makes it
suitable for logic gates, resistive memory, sensor set-ups, and NEM
devices. RNA can be designed and manipulated with a level of simplicity
of DNA while displaying versatile structure and enzyme activity of
proteins. RNA can fold into single-stranded loops or bulges to serve
as mounting dovetails for intermolecular or domain interactions without
external linking dowels. RNA nanoparticles display rubber- and amoeba-like
properties and are stretchable and shrinkable through multiple repeats,
leading to enhanced tumor targeting and fast renal excretion to reduce
toxicities. It was predicted in 2014 that RNA would be the third milestone
in pharmaceutical drug development. The recent approval of several
RNA drugs and COVID-19 mRNA vaccines by FDA suggests that this milestone
is being realized. Here, we review the unique properties of RNA nanotechnology,
summarize its recent advancements, describe its distinct attributes
inside or outside the body and discuss potential applications in nanotechnology,
medicine, and material science.
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